The specialized environmental courts in the world and right to environment in judical decision in Türkiye

The environmental problems that emerged and escalated after the Industrial Revolution have become a global concern. Issues such as climate change, global warming, biodiversity loss, water pollution, and other environmental challenges are no longer limited to a specific region but have become a shared problem for the entire world. As a response, the concept of environmental rights was universally defined through the 1972 Stockholm Conference. Subsequently, many countries established specialized environmental courts to address these complex and interdisciplinary environmental issues comprehensively. According to the United Nations Environment Program's 2022 report, Türkiye is among the countries preparing to establish specialized environmental courts. The environmental problems and projects with potential environmental impacts in Türkiye in recent years clearly highlight the inevitable need for specialized environmental judiciary. When evaluating the status of environmental rights and the approach of courts to environmental matters in Türkiye, the significance of specialized judicial bodies becomes evident once again. Türkiye, as it progresses towards specialized judiciary, should draw upon international experiences to establish environmental courts and take necessary steps in the field of specialization. These specialized courts may vary in their structural and jurisprudential models across different countries.