Heavy metal pollution of the soil and sediments around the iron and manganese mineralizations around Durmuştepe (Maden-Elazığ)

The aim of this thesis, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), whole rock and clay fraction studies, geochemical analysis (XRF, ICP-AES ve ICP-MS), scanning electron microscope studies (SEM) were carried out on red soil and sediments belonging to the Mn-bearing Maden Complex around Durmuştepe Village, 60 km from Elazığ city center, within the borders of Maden district. In the study area, from old to young, Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Guleman Ophiolites, Maastrichtian-Lower Eocene Hazar Group, Middle Eocene Maden Complex, Quaternary alluviums are located. The Mn-Fe mineralization examined in the surrounding area mostly occurred as lenses and stratiform layers limited to the Maden basin. Feldspar, clay, calcite, quartz, pyroxene minerals were detected in XRD studies. Clays are illite and chlorite minerals. Microscopic features of these minerals were revealed with SEM studies. Calcite particles showing a regular rhombohedral morphology are in the form of calcite particles with a smooth surface and in the form of calcite particles showing numerous single crystal surface areas as evidence of recrystallization. Chlorite is surrounded by quartz and calcite on the growths. Illite particles are in the form of ribbon-like particles with thread-shaped, ribbon-like shapes. According to the Log (SiO2/Al2O3) value versus Log Fe2O3/K2O diagram Herron (1988), the reason why the samples fall into the Fe-rich shale area is that the samples are Fe-rich mafic rocks. According to the [Fe/ (Al + Fe + Mn)], [Al/ (Al + Fe + Mn)] and [Fe + Mn)/Al] values, the sediments were affected by hydrothermal activity. And the La/Sc, Sc/Th, Co/Th ratios show that the samples have mafic rock composition. According to the Zr/Sc-Th/Sc diagram, the samples were found to be in the andesite, basalt range. In general, the REE contents in soil and sediments are lower than the ore. When the averages of the elements in soil samples are taken as basis, the order of occurrence of the elements is Fe > Mn > Cr > Ni> Cu >Zn>Co>Pb>As>Mo>Cd. The correlations between Mo and Cd, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Pb reflect the sulfide phase. According to the enrichment factor (EF) values, manganese was found to be high in samples taken from 3 meters close to the mineralization in Katrantepe and Durmuştepe. Apart from that, Nickel was found to be high in samples 3,5,7,21 in Katrantepe. Cr In Katran Tepe samples and samples far from mineralization, EF being higher than 1.5 but being close indicates minimum enrichment. According to geoaccumulation index I geo values, Mn and Ni were high in samples 3,5,7,8,12. There is contamination in Durmuştepe samples in Mn 28,30,32,35. There is no contamination in samples far from mineralization. Cr 5,7,8,12,19,22,29 may have come from basic magmatic surrounding rocks rather than mineralization. The presence of Cd, Cu, As metals in mineralization and in remote areas shows that these metals are also dependent on the surrounding rocks rather than Mn mineralization. No pollution was detected in soil and sediments in terms of Mo, Co and Pb metals.