A geographical analysis of the functional aspects of urban squares in Elazığ: The case of 15 July Democracy Square and Republic Square

This thesis comprehensively examines the place of 15 July Democracy Square and Republic Square, located in the city center of Elazığ, in the urban morphology, their physical structures, socio-cultural functions, and their impacts on users. The primary aim of the study is to analyze these squares not only for their aesthetic and visual functions but also for their significance in social, economic, and cultural contexts, aiming to understand the functional transformations of these spaces within urbanization processes. Elazığ province, situated in the Upper Euphrates Basin of the Eastern Anatolia Region, serves as a significant settlement center, offering a rich context for research due to its natural and human features. While the city's economy is based on industry, agriculture, and trade, historical demographic changes and spatial developments have directly influenced the usage of public spaces. In this context, the study examines the typomorphological changes, functionalities, and user profiles of urban squares from past to present. The study employs a comprehensive methodological framework that includes literature reviews, Space Syntax analysis, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based analyses. Spatial relationships, accessibility levels, and usage densities of the squares were evaluated using Buffer Zone analysis, Network Service Area method, and observations of pedestrian mobility. Additionally, field studies incorporated observation, gate count method, and tracing techniques to analyze user behavior. Various software tools (e.g., MapInfo Pro, DepthmapX) were utilized for data visualization and mapping. The findings reveal that 15 July Democracy Square and Republic Square play critical roles as both physical and social centers within Elazığ. The squares are not only elements shaping urban aesthetics but also act as socio-cultural interaction zones for the public. From the perspectives of pedestrian accessibility and usage density, the integration of transportation networks in the environmental design of the squares has been identified as crucial. Furthermore, demographic factors, particularly age and gender, were observed to influence the usage patterns of these spaces. This study contributes to the limited body of research on urban squares in Turkey by providing recommendations for their sustainable planning and management. Given the lack of similar studies specific to Elazığ, the thesis is expected to serve as a guiding resource for local authorities and urban planners. A detailed analysis of the morphological structures of urban squares will facilitate their future design to be more functional and user-centered. In conclusion, 15 July Democracy Square and Republic Square are pivotal components of urban life in Elazığ, serving multifaceted roles in social, cultural, and economic contexts. The study underscores the need for these squares to be redesigned based on user behaviors to enhance their effectiveness. Furthermore, it offers various recommendations to local administrations for improving the accessibility and functionality of public spaces in the framework of sustainable urban planning.