Evaluation of the effects of different finishing and polishing techniques on the surface roughness and gloss of composite resin, Cad/Cam blocks, and 3d printed resin materials

Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the surface roughness and gloss of direct composite resin (G-ænial, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), nanoceramic CAD/CAM block (Cerasmart, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and 3D permanent resin (Permanent crown resin, Formlabs, Somerville, USA) materials by applying different finishing and polishing methods to these materials. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 320 samples were prepared, with 10 samples in each group for 4 different materials. Molds with 10 cavities were created using a 3D printer for the composite samples. The samples had a circumference of 5 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. 40 samples were designated as the control group. 120 samples were finished with tungsten carbide burs, while another 120 were finished with diamond burs. Among the 120 samples finished with tungsten carbide burs, 40 were subjected to Clearfil Twist Dia, 40 to One Gloss, and 40 to Diapolisher Pat applications, followed by measurements. The samples treated with Clearfil Twist Dia and One Gloss were subsequently subjected to Pat application, followed by additional measurements. The same procedures were applied to the samples finished with diamond burs. The remaining 40 samples were subjected to sequential application of coarse to fine-grit disks using the Tor Vm disk set, followed by measurements. Surface roughness was measured using a contact profilometer device (Perthometer M2, Mahr GmbH, Germany), and gloss was measured using a glossmeter device (Novo-Gloss Trio, Rhopoint, East Sussex, UK). In the statistical analysis, the data were analyzed using the SPSS 21 software package. Normality analysis of the data was conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Due to the normal distribution of the data, group comparisons were made using ANOVA. The Scheffe test was used for multiple comparisons. Results: The smoothest surfaces were obtained with the Tor Vm Polishing disk for all materials. In all materials, the surface roughness of samples treated with tungsten carbide burs was similar to or lower than that of samples treated with diamond burs, and the surface gloss was similar or higher. The additional polishing led to similar or even smoother surfaces compared to untreated samples. There were no significant differences in roughness and gloss values of anterior and posterior composites after finishing and polishing procedures. The gloss value of Cerasmart material, following finishing and polishing procedures, was higher than the gloss values of other materials. The Ra value of Cerasmart, after finishing and polishing procedures, was similar to or lower than the Ra value of other materials. Keywords: Surface Roughness, Surface Gloss, Hybrid Block, Composite Resin, 3D Resin