Evaluation of the effect of different jig thicknesses and materials on dentoal veolar structures using finite element analysis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution and tooth movement patterns in dentoalveolar structures under a constant orthodontic force, using sliding jigs produced from different materials and with different thicknesses, by means of finite element analysis (FEA). This study aimed to systematically compare the biomechanical effects of jig configurations that are widely used in clinical practice but have not been thoroughly investigated. A ready-made maxillary 3D model was utilized, including teeth, periodontal ligament (0.25 mm thickness), and alveolar bone structures. The materials were assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic. For the sliding jig, two wire thicknesses (0.016 × 0.022 in and 0.019 × 0.025 in) and two materials (stainless steel [SS] and titanium molybdenum alloy [TMA]) were tested, resulting in four different scenarios. A standardized orthodontic force of 150 g was applied to the maxillary first molar, and stress distribution within the periodontal ligament and dentoalveolar structures, as well as tooth displacement, were calculated using the ANSYS software system. Thin TMA wires, due to their high elasticity, allowed greater tooth displacement. Stainless steel wires produced more controlled movement but generated higher stress concentrations in the periodontal ligament. Increasing wire thickness enhanced rigidity, resulting in more predictable tooth movement. Overall, TMA wires demonstrated more homogeneous force distribution, while stainless steel wires exhibited higher stress magnitudes in specific areas. The upper lateral incisors and canine teeth were found to be the most critical teeth in terms of displacement and stress accumulation across different scenarios. Both wire thickness and material significantly affect the biomechanical behavior of jig systems. Thin and elastic wires permit greater tooth movement, whereas thick and rigid wires restrict movement but produce higher stresses. Clinically, stainless steel wires may be preferred when rapid and controlled movement is required, while TMA wires may be considered more suitable when lighter and biologically favorable forces are desired. This study provides a scientific basis for clinicians in optimizing jig design and wire selection during orthodontic biomechanical planning.