Investigation of exhaust emissions from ships with different methods

The vast majority of the world's cargo transportation is done by sea. It is considered as much more eco-friendly when compared to airline, railway and highway transportation. However, because of the increasing volume of international trade, the increase in the number of ships has led to a rise in shipborne emission quantities. Emissions that are caused by sea transport have an undeniable impact on global climate and air quality. As a result of these developments, restriction of European Union and International Maritime Organization on the quantities of emission gases, especially of SOx, NOx, PM, and CO2, have forced the maritime sector to meet with the new machine technologies. Shipborne emissions are strictly limited with the international standards, and measurement and verification of these measurements are mandatory which lead the maritime sector to make large revisions about tracking and evaluation of emissions. Ship and port-induced emissions are known to affect health in a negative way, especially people living in the coastal regions. The studies about the diseases caused by the air pollution show that 20.000 people per year lose their life by lung cancer and about 60.000 people lose their life by carious diseases due to ship and port emissions. Harbors and ports in Marmara Sea and especially near Istanbul region have the most intense ship traffic in Turkey. Therefore, in this study, Ambarlı Port having a dense sea traffic has been chosen and air quality measurements on SO2, CO, NO, NO2, NOx, PM10 and PM2.5 emissions have been conducted for a period of three months as the first time ever made in Turkey. The daily average and maximum values of the emission data from June, July and August 2017 are shown in this measurement. In the meantime, NOx, CO2, SO2, VOC, CO and PM emissions have been calculated by a web-based software that is collecting data from Ambarlı Port for three months in terms of ship type, gross tonnage (GRT), main engine power, rpm, auxiliary engine power and construction year of the ships using several emission estimation methods available in the literature. Later on, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver Star CCM+, SO2, NO, CO, CO2 emission distributions to the atmosphere have been simulated for different wind speeds for the cases that one ship positioned in different angles and two ships having different operational modes. In addition, the air quality measurements made in June, July and August of 2017 from measurement stations located in the provinces of Esenler, Kadıköy and Avcılar have been compared with the measurements taken at the same dates in the Ambarlı port area by means of emission values. Finally, a case study has been made for the districts of Istanbul and Ambarlı Port as the European Union (EU) air quality values for SO2, NO2, PM10 and CO emissions will be adopted on 1 January 2019 to 2024.