Relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus and periodontal health

The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) with periodontal tissues in pregnant women diagnosed with (GDM) and healthy pregnant women, by comparing the levels and clinical measurements of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), visfatin, resistin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). In order to understand the relationship of GDM with periodontal disease, 94 pregnant women with GDM and 94 healthy pregnant women were included in the study. Detailed medical and dental anamnesis were obtained from all pregnant women included in the study, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured and GCF samples were collected from individuals in order to perform biochemical analysis of IL-1β, visfatin, resistin levels in GCF. While the average height of the GDM group was found to be significantly lower, the mean weight and body mass index (BMI), the number of children, the number of pregnancies, and the history of GDM in the previous pregnancy, normal birth weight, presence of cesarean section and smoking were found to be significantly higher. The mean values of PI, GI, BOP, PD, CAL, irregular tooth brushing, tooth loss due to cariogenic reasons, gum rash, swelling, edema, presence of teeth grinding, smoking and the presence of Stage I and Stage II periodontitis were found to be significantly higher in the GDM group compared to the control group. While the DOS IL-1β levels of the GDM group were found to be statistically significantly higher than the control group, the visfatin averages were found to be significantly lower; No statistically significant difference was observed between the DOS resistin levels of the control and GDM groups. A positive significant correlation was observed between IL-1β variable and CAL in GDM group. In the control group, a statistically positive significant correlation was observed between IL-1β variable and PI, GI, and PD. While a statistically positive significant correlation was observed between the resistin, visfatin variables and the mean values of PI, GI, SCD, SC, CAD in the control group; no significant correlation was observed in the GDM group. High prevalence of periodontal disease was observed in GDM cases and the presence of a pathophysiological relationship between GDM and periodontal disease was supported by biochemical evaluations.