Hydrological disaster-related risk perception and preparedness scale: A scale development study

Hydrological disasters resulting from water-related events pose serious risks to the health, livelihoods, and infrastructure of communities by causing loss of life, economic damage, and environmental degradation. The primary objective of this study is to examine the validity and reliability of the Hydrological Disaster-Related Risk Perception and Preparedness Scale (HDRPPS), which was developed to assess individuals’ risk perceptions and preparedness levels in the provinces of Giresun and Kastamonu, where hydrological disaster risk is particularly high, and to identify the factors influencing risk perception and preparedness levels. The research was conducted using a methodological and descriptive research design. The data were collected between May 1, 2025, and October 30, 2025, using both in-person and online methods. Data obtained from a total of 1,060 individuals were reviewed, and analyses were conducted on 1,036 participants. The scale development process consisted of a literature review, expert evaluation using Lawshe’s content validity method, a pilot study, and the main application phase. For construct validity, the sample was divided into two groups using the Solomon technique; Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was applied to one group, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to the other. The analyses were performed using SPSS 27, Factor, and Mplus 7.4 software. The findings revealed that the HDRPPS consists of four factors-Preparation, Anxiety, Awareness, and Threat-and 35 items. The scale’s total variance explained is 55,07%, and the KMO coefficient is 0,91. The DFA results indicated that the model fit well (CFI = 0,937; TLI = 0,933). Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients ranged from 0,83 to 0,95. In conclusion, HDRPPS is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to assess individuals’ perceptions of risk and levels of preparedness regarding hydrological disasters. It is recommended that the scale be used as an important assessment tool for determining risk and preparedness levels related to hydrological disasters, for planning disaster risk reduction efforts, and for evaluating the effectiveness of disaster education and awareness programs.