Hukuk-i Umûmiye Journal's ( 1908-1909) view on constitutional monarchy and monarchy regime

Press media having a vital role in terms of political, social and economic aspects taken its place in Ottoman Empire in the beginning of 19 th Century. The Ottomans, despite the fact that they became acquainted with press the media later than Europe gained grounds in a faster fashion. Following the Journals issued in Ottoman Empire by foreigners, Takvim-i Vekayi being the first Official Gazette began its broadcasting life in İstanbul under the superintendence of the State. Later, Journals like Ceride-i Havadis, Tercuman-ı Ahval and Tasvir-i Efkâr were published. After 1866 when the westernization period began to reassert itself Journal printing began to increase and gradually began to launch out from the State monopoly. Censor applications began to take place by the increasing circulation, opposing ideas against Tanzimat Bureaucracy management uttered in these Journals and subsequently critical thinking against Abdülhamid II period. Fiercest censor was realized in Abdülhamid II period. It even reached to worst conditions such as imposing criminal fines those engrossing critical articles, liquidating Journals and even imprisonment. In the atmosphere of freedom brought by second constitutional period declared in 1908, a great increase with every kind of publication and number of Journals were experienced. Unlimited freedom brought with Constitutional Period has allowed everyone to express his opinion freely. Unlimited freedom brought with Constitutional Period has enabled all to express their opinions freely. In this period those opposing Abdulhamit II returned from exile. This development also led the way to increase Journals' circulation. Committee of Union and Progres (İttihat ve Terakki Party) did not reinstated former rights of the exiled and fugitives. Exiles and fugitives becoming unemployed have established Fedakâran-ı Millet Cemiyeti to make themselves heard. Avnullah Kazimi, member of the association, right after association's establishment published Hukuk-i Umûmiye Journal. Hukuk-i Umûmiye Journal has worked with five manager and published one hundred seventy two issues in total. In the initial issues constitutional period's enthusiasm intensely felt. In the meanwhile Kamil Paşa continuously exposed to criticism for the fact that rights of exiled and fugitives defrauded. Generally, it was expressed that the country should be rejuvenated with collaboration by freedom. Competent authorities in Abdülhamid Period slammed. Journal was frequently sued. Journal has ceased its publications for a few times due to the cases filed. Journal failing to resist pressure by period's governments forced to be liquidated in 1909. Keywords: Constitutional, Monarchy, Hukuk-I Umûmiye Journal, Comitte of Fedakâran-ı Millet, Ottoman Press.