Human, society, and state in Confucius and al-Farabi: A comparative analysis

This thesis analyzes the views of Confucius and al-Farabi, two prominent names of the classical era of Chinese and Islamic philosophy, on the ideal human, society, and state. Contrary to popular belief, this comparative analysis attempts to show that both thinkers offer similar views on human, society, and the state in many aspects. While both emphasize the importance of harmonious social relations and moral behavior, they also differ significantly in their metaphysical foundations and ultimate goals. Confucius focuses on ethical principles rooted in daily life, advocating for cultivating virtues within individuals to maintain social order. He prioritizes practical wisdom over metaphysical concerns, believing that a well-governed society relies on leaders who embody moral virtue, serve as ideal humans, and guide their people by example. In contrast, al-Farabi's philosophy is based on a metaphysical framework, where the universe is structured according to divine order. His ideal society is one in which individuals pursue both intellectual and moral virtues, leading to happiness in this life and the hereafter. The ruler in al-Farabi's state is not only a moral exemplar but also a philosopher, guiding society toward happiness, the ultimate perfection. This thesis aims to contribute to civilization studies in two ways. First, by capturing the commonalities, it highlights how human societies, despite their cultural, historical, and religious differences, often respond to social and political challenges through similar idealistic visions. Second, by delineating the differences between these two civilizations regarding solving these problems, it demonstrates the richness and diversity of human civilizations.