History of thr Al-Jazira region during the Ilkhanate period

Hülagü's western campaign and his entry into the Near East opened the way for the Jazira region to fall under Mongol domination. During this period, the Ayyubids had lost their firm authority in the region; therefore, except for Mayyafarikin and Mardin, the cities of Jazira quickly came under Mongol control. In the Ilkhanid era, the Jazira Region was reorganized, and the Diyarbakir Province was established to encompass this territory. The governors appointed to this province served as an advanced frontier line in the Ilkhanid–Mamluk conflicts, the Syrian campaigns, and the Mamluk attacks directed toward Jazira. After Sutay Noyan, who served as the governor of Diyarbakir, his sons established the Sutayid Dynasty in the region. The Sutayids protected Jazira against the Mamluks during the Ilkhanid period and took part in campaigns directed at them. During the "Puppet Khans" period, when the Uyrat, Jalayirid, and Chobanid factions struggled for control of the Ilkhanid throne, Hacı Sutay, who succeeded to the leadership of the Sutayids, allied himself with the Jalayirids in order to defend their homeland and preserve their political presence. Following Hacı Sutay's death, during the rule of İbrahim Shah, parts of the Sutayid territories were lost to the Chobanids, marking the beginning of a decline. Under Pir Muhammad, the Sutayids entered a period of dissolution, and the lands of Jazira were divided between the emerging Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu powers. In the rivalry between the Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu, the Timurids supported the Aq Qoyunlu, while the Mamluks backed the Qara Qoyunlu in an effort to assert influence over the region. The Qara Qoyunlu sought to gain superiority over the Aq Qoyunlu by forming an alliance with the Artuqids in Jazira; however, under the leadership of Uzun Hasan, the Aq Qoyunlu defeated their rivals and emerged as the dominant power in Jazira. During the Aq Qoyunlu–Ottoman struggle, the Aq Qoyunlu suffered defeat in the Battle of Otlukbeli, which marked the beginning of a stagnation period for the dynasty. After the death of Uzun Hasan, internal conflicts intensified, and with the rise of the Safavids, the Aq Qoyunlu state collapsed. Thus, the Jazira region came under Safavid control. With Sultan Selim I's Çaldıran Campaign, the Safavids were defeated, and the Jazira Region came under Ottoman rule.