The influence of social structure on the brain drain: The case of Somalia

This thesis explores how Somali social structure, particularly the clan system, contributes to the phenomenon of brain drain. The research examines the ways in which deeply embedded clan-based practices, which nearly affect all aspects of Somali society, influence the migration decisions of skilled Somali people. Methodologically, the research employs a qualitative research design, utilizing semi-structured interviews involving 30 participants. Findings reveal that several interconnected factors contribute to the migration of skilled Somalis, all of which are either caused by or closely tied to the clan system. The research identifies the clear link between the brain drain and clan-based structures, highlighting how nepotism and the absence of meritocracy restrict political participation and access to employment for educated individuals. That is, clan-based factors in Somalia place skilled individuals at a disadvantage. Notably, educated Somali women experience double marginalization due to the clan-based rules that put women in an underprivileged position and the general hindrance the clan system creates for educated individuals. It also identifies Somalia's situation as one of "circular brain waste," highlighting the persistent and recurring brain drain caused by the clan system. The study sets out to confirm that promoting meritocratic leadership and minimization of clan dominance will curtail brain drain and encourage educated Somalis to return home. Lastly, it proposes inclusive reforms to raise Somalia's human capital retention.