Identification of bladder cancer at early age in Iraq used by tumor marker and genes characterization

Cancer is mostly considered as a genetic disease so much so that this disease, which defines a multi-step neoplasia characterized by tumor formation and cell proliferation becomes uncontrolled, depends on the individual's genetic predisposition.Bladder cancer occurs after environmental exposure to different carcinogenic agents such as tobacco and due to occupational exposure as well as the sequential accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. These molecular alterations result in uncontrolled cell proliferation, deregulation of the cell cycle and differentiation, decrease in cell death or apoptosis, invasion block and metastasis. The particular genetic alterations, epigenetic and protein expression occur as a pair like the interaction of these signalling pathways, and determine the biological behavior of the tumor, including its ability to grow, resort, progress and metastasize. Depending on the genetic profile, the clinical behavior, The changes most common in tumors muscle Papillary invasive low grade include mutational activation of FGFR3, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the chromosome 9, mutational activation of PIK3CA and RAS genes and mutational inactivation of TSC1. Common alterations in muscle-invasive tumors include inactivation of TP53 and RB1, reduced expression of PTEN expression (via mutation, LOH, homozygous deletion, or other mechanisms), amplification of ERBB2, amplification of 6p22, chromosome deletions 8 and other Genomic alterations whose targets .The hypermethylation of the CpG islands is frequently associated with the transcriptional silencing of critical genes in cancer, including tumor suppressors.