العلاقة بين الفقيه والسلطان في الفكر السياسي الإسلامي

Throughout our long Islamic political experience in various vagaries of the Royal States or the stages of the Islamic caliphate, jurists have had heavy scientific authority, representing the voice of legitimacy and main theologians. They were important mediators as representatives of the Ummah. Their power of fatwa was decisive, as the jurist was legally and morally responsible for the society in which he lived and not for the Governor and his interests. However, he was needed by the Sultan to add greater legitimacy to his ruling political behavior. Sharia law may require the Governor to administer the worldly affairs of the nation and take care of Muslims' interests before the jurist (Fakih) oversight, opposition, support, and attribution. Hence, this study highlighted the relationship between jurist and sultan or the relationship between scientific authority and executive power, or the relationship between spiritual authority and temporal authority. This relationship was characterized by a discrepancy between the vision of detachment, such as isolation, political opposition, or confrontation, and the resulting plight of jurists, and cooperation to meet major state challenges and take care of the nation's interests. Across these different relationships, different patterns of scholars have been produced: Fakih Al-Sultan, Fakih Al-Mastour, Fakih Al-Mohtassib, Fakih Al-Thawra, Fakih Al-Ozla Siyassiya, Fakih Al-Dawla, Fakih Tabrir, and Fakih Taghalob. The study was divided into three chapters, the first being a theoretical introduction with historical depth, and the second examining the different theories of the relationship between jurist and sultan among the various levels; from the extreme, namely, revolution and confrontation to the opposite, namely political justification and publication of political obedience literature, which are six basic directions. The third chapter is an applied chapter in which the Sheikh of Islam model is studied in the Ottoman political experience, as well as the case of the official Fakih meeting with the Sultan and the bodies of power, and making a unique model of the hierarchical relationship of jobs between them.