Contributions of Izmirli Ismail Hakkı to the history of Islamic sects in the context of bid'ah and gulât sects

In this study, Izmirli Ismail Hakkı's contributions to the History of Islamic Sects were examined in the context of his treatment of bid'ah and ghulat sects. Izmirli, first of all, those who claim to investigate the truth in the Islamic world; Salaf divided it into five parts: Theologians, Sufis, Philosophers and Batiniyya. Bidah and Ghali sects within the subject of Kalamists, which are important in terms of our subject; He examined it in five parts: Mârika, Shia, Qadariyah, Murji'ah and Jahmi. He evaluated the excesses of the Batiniyya sect separately from these five parts. According to Ismail Hakkı from Izmir, people of heresy; They are those who disagree on issues on which Ahl al-Sunnah agree, despite the Book, Sunnah and Ijma. Ghaliyah are those who elevate created beings to the level of prophets or divinity. In this context, the bid'ahs of the gāli sects consist of various beliefs such as taşbih, hulûl, reincarnation, ibâha, beda and raj'a. When some of these beliefs of the Ghali sects are examined, it is seen that they have nothing to do with the religious foundations of the Islamic religion and that they bear traces of Judaism, Christianity, and the pre-Islamic period. Izmirli Ismail Hakkı examined the sects in two parts. The first part, Ghaliyah, argues that divinity exists in a being other than Allah, and the second part, Ghaliyah, argues that prophecy does not end and continues on earth. According to Izmirli, the main sects are emerged during Ali's lifetime by attributing divinity to him, and today there are sects that continue to exist in line with this idea.