Long term sea surface temperature analysis in Black Sea by in situ and remote sensing techniques

Humanity gave up the agricultural society and began a new system with industrial revolution around 18th century machines took the place of manpower and so production facilities are accelerated. Green house gas which is one of the main problems nowadays and thereby global climate change arose with the industrial revolution. Global climate change cause many different and dangerous problems on Earth. Climates show the characteristic of changing in the long term. It is a normal process the changing of the climates in time. Climate abnormalities begin to arise with the global climate change problem while this normal process goes on in the normal stability. This global climate change problem of which we see the ill effects especially in the last century will effect our future nagatively if these green house gas emissions goes on incresingly. Global climate change show its ill effects on Earth in different areas. Melting on glaciers, rises on sea water levels, droughts and rises on the Earth temperature averages are only a few problems according to technological devices and modern detailed studies. Seas and oceans have an important place among these areas that are effected global climate change. These water masses cover %70 of the Earth and it is inevitable for these huge masses to be effected by the global climate change. It has been shown that Turkey was also effected the climate change occuring around the world on the acamedic studies and different institution reports. Temperature changes in seas of Turkey are clearly seen on these studies, too. Sea surface temperature is effected by many reasons such as different atmospheric emissions, precipitation regimes, external power supplies, density rates and accordingly stream changes. Because of these reasons,sea water temperetaures can increase or decreases but especially in the last quarter it shows the tendency of increasing. The reason of this is probably the global climate change. In the studies that were made in this area, Black Sea surface temperature changes in long term are examined and global climate change effect on Black Sea surface temperature are is tried to be presented. Sea surface temperature is generally mesaured by the methods of in situ and remote sensing. In this study, long term sea surface temperature measurements are analysed with these two measurement methods and the consistency of these two methods is presented in the statistical study. In the first part of this study, global climate change is defined. The green house gas emissions that have the biggest effect on global climate change is explained and the increase of these emissions is shown. Besides, the studies of world wide institues on global climate change and computer-model scenarios about which extend of future climate change will be are exhibited. Then, effects of global climate changes on sea ecosystem and under the title of Black Sea and global climate change, effects of global climate change on both Black Sea and sea ecosystem are all underlined. Additionally, in the first part, sea surface temperatures are taken place. In this part, the reflection feature of climate change of sea surface temperature is mentioned and the factors that effect sea surface temperature are explained. Some various examples of atmospheric events that cause abnormalities on the Earth are given. In the last part of the first part the aim this study is explained. In the second part of the study, the area of the study is mentioned and a detailed information about the sea surface temperature measurment methods is given. Firstly, the Black Sea is handled in all aspects. In the very first beginning, the geopolitic importance of Black Sea is explained. Then, the physical features of Black Sea is mentioned. The Black Sea's covering space, density, salinity level, stream types linked with other seas, general stream circulation, the largest rivers feeding the Black Sea are all spoken out and Black Sea sea water chemical features are mentioned. Detailed explanations for Zonguldak sea basin which is another important location of our working area. Geographic location of Zonguldak is given and Zonguldak meteorological measuring stations that gives mesaurements for this study. Additionally, all coast stations that make sea surface temperature measuring in Turkey are shown. In the second part of the second section, the sea surface temperature measuring methods are mentioned. The historical development of sea surface water measuring methods are explained and in situ and remote sensing methods are generally told. Then in situ methods are explained in detail and the measurments from buoys-one of the in situ methods-, measurments from voluntary observating ships and measurments from coast observation stations are given. After that remote sensing methods are handled. The historical developement of meteorological satellites is shortly mentioned and there are some examples of the meteorological satellites. Satellites mesauring sea surface temperature from meteorological satellites are dealed and especially AVHRR satellite that was used for this study is explained. In the third part of the study, the methods that are used for this study are examined. Firstly, for in situ sensing method for 1970-2010 years, the daily sea surface temperature data taken from Zonguldak meteorology observaton station are presented and the processing these values on Microsoft Excell program are mentioned. For remote sensing methods, between 2000-2012 Black Sea and Zonguldak location daily sea surface temperature re-analyse of 13-year are made and satellite based maps are taken from myocean.com web site. Myocean.com we site took these sources from AVHRR satellite. Then Seadas program which was used for processing this data is defined. The features of the program are mentioned in order to explain clearly how the program is used and illustrated with graphics In the fourth part of the study, the results of the methods applied in the part three are given. In the first part of the fourth part, the Black Sea average daily sea surface temperature analyse results between 2000 and 2012 by remote sensing method are explained. In the second part, Zonguldak average daily sea surface temperature analyse results between 2000 and 2012 by remote sensing method are explained. In the third part, Zonguldak average daily sea surface temperature analyse results between 1970and 2010 by in situ sensing method are explained. In the last part of the fourth part, between 2000 and 2012 remote sensing method and in situ sensing method are compared and the consistency rates of these methods is put forth by correlation analyse. In the fifth part of the study, the comments and suggestions about the results taken by remote and in situ sensing methods take place.