Evaluation of the associations between klotho-protein, interleukin-10, and dyslipidemia in Iraqi patients with cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of mortality globally. It includes several disorders impacting the heart and blood arteries, such as myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, and cardiac insufficiency. Klothoprotein is a protein associated with lifespan. It functions as an antioxidant, safeguards cells from harm, controls calcium and phosphate levels, and is vital for cardiovascular health, it may protect the heart by mitigating inflammation, enhancing endothelial function, and inhibiting atherosclerosis.Interleukin-10 is a cytokine that modulates the immune system and mitigates inflammation, a crucial element in cardiovascular disorders. Increased interleukin-10 levels are linked to a decreased risk of cardiovascular illnesses, indicating its possible advantages for cardiac health. Klotho protein and interleukin-10 are crucial for cardiovascular health. Klotho protein's antioxidant and anti-aging characteristics and its role in mineral metabolism may aid in cardiac protection. The anti-inflammatory properties of IL-10 may mitigate the risk of cardiovascular disease. Two groups of 180 participants participated in this case-control study, the first group comprised 120 patients with cardiovascular diseases hospitalized at Al Karama Teaching Hospital, Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital, and Al-Numaniyah General Hospital in Wasit Governorate. In contrast, the control group comprises 60 healthy individuals with matching age and gender. Up to 5 mL of blood samples were collected from all participants under clean and sterile conditions, and the samples were transported carefully to the laboratory. The klotho protein and interleukin-10 serum levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All diabetic parameters and lipid profiles were measured using automated biochemical analyzer instruments according to the manufacturer's instructions. According to the demographic characteristics, the minimum age was 48 years, and the maximum was 72 years, with an age mean of 59.4±6.22 years, according to the control group. While the minimum age was 49 years and the maximum was 74 years, the mean was 60.9±6.22 years, according to the cardiovascular diseases group. In addition, no statistically significant difference was found (p-value = 0.129). Among the 120 patients with cardiovascular disease, the male percentage of 84 (70%) was higher than the female percentage of 36 (30%). Furthermore, the male percentage of 45 (75%) was higher than the female percentage of 15 (25%), according to the control group. In addition, there is no statistically significant difference (p-value = 0.599). When it came to blood tests, the levels of klotho protein and interleukin-10 were lower in the cardiovascular disease group (456±49 and 4.6±2.59 pg/mL, respectively) compared to the healthy control group (962±78.2 and 11±2.68 pg/mL, respectively). Indicating significant statistical difference was discovered (p-value =<0.001). Blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c levels were higher in the heart disease group (137±12.9 mg/dL and 6.9±0.51%, respectively) than in the healthy control group (80.1±5.67 mg/dL and 5.09±0.31%, respectively). This difference was statistically significant (p-value = <0.001). Also, the amounts of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein in the blood were higher than in the healthy control group (173±15.9 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 89.4±23.4 mg/dL for triglycerides, 135±20 mg/dL for low-density lipoprotein, and 17.9±4.68 mg/dL for very low-density lipoprotein, in that order). A significant difference with a P-value of less than 0.001 demonstrated this. The level of high-density lipoprotein in the blood was lower in people with cardiovascular disease (35.3±5.72 mg/dL) compared to the healthy control group (44.5±5.74 mg/dL), which was a statistically significant difference (p-value < 0.001). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.626) and hemoglobin A1c and total cholesterol (r = 0.208). A positive correlation was also found between total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (r = 0.923), triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein (r = 1). In addition, there was a negative correlation between triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (r = -0.370), high-density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein (r = -0.371), and low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein (r = -0.371). In conclusion, this study's findings indicate a substantial correlation between reduced levels of klotho and interleukin-10 and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, those with cardiovascular disease had increased fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein, along with decreased levels of high density lipoprotein. These results underscore the possible involvement of klotho, interleukin-10, and metabolic variables in the etiology and advancement of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of mortality globally. It includes several disorders impacting the heart and blood arteries, such as myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, and cardiac insufficiency. Klothoprotein is a protein associated with lifespan. It functions as an antioxidant, safeguards cells from harm, controls calcium and phosphate levels, and is vital for cardiovascular health, it may protect the heart by mitigating inflammation, enhancing endothelial function, and inhibiting atherosclerosis.Interleukin-10 is a cytokine that modulates the immune system and mitigates inflammation, a crucial element in cardiovascular disorders. Increased interleukin-10 levels are linked to a decreased risk of cardiovascular illnesses, indicating its possible advantages for cardiac health. Klotho protein and interleukin-10 are crucial for cardiovascular health. Klotho protein's antioxidant and anti-aging characteristics and its role in mineral metabolism may aid in cardiac protection. The anti-inflammatory properties of IL-10 may mitigate the risk of cardiovascular disease. Two groups of 180 participants participated in this case-control study, the first group comprised 120 patients with cardiovascular diseases hospitalized at Al Karama Teaching Hospital, Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital, and Al-Numaniyah General Hospital in Wasit Governorate. In contrast, the control group comprises 60 healthy individuals with matching age and gender. Up to 5 mL of blood samples were collected from all participants under clean and sterile conditions, and the samples were transported carefully to the laboratory. The klotho protein and interleukin-10 serum levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All diabetic parameters and lipid profiles were measured using automated biochemical analyzer instruments according to the manufacturer's instructions. According to the demographic characteristics, the minimum age was 48 years, and the maximum was 72 years, with an age mean of 59.4±6.22 years, according to the control group. While the minimum age was 49 years and the maximum was 74 years, the mean was 60.9±6.22 years, according to the cardiovascular diseases group. In addition, no statistically significant difference was found (p-value = 0.129). Among the 120 patients with cardiovascular disease, the male percentage of 84 (70%) was higher than the female percentage of 36 (30%). Furthermore, the male percentage of 45 (75%) was higher than the female percentage of 15 (25%), according to the control group. In addition, there is no statistically significant difference (p-value = 0.599). When it came to blood tests, the levels of klotho protein and interleukin-10 were lower in the cardiovascular disease group (456±49 and 4.6±2.59 pg/mL, respectively) compared to the healthy control group (962±78.2 and 11±2.68 pg/mL, respectively). Indicating significant statistical difference was discovered (p-value =<0.001). Blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c levels were higher in the heart disease group (137±12.9 mg/dL and 6.9±0.51%, respectively) than in the healthy control group (80.1±5.67 mg/dL and 5.09±0.31%, respectively). This difference was statistically significant (p-value = <0.001). Also, the amounts of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein in the blood were higher than in the healthy control group (173±15.9 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 89.4±23.4 mg/dL for triglycerides, 135±20 mg/dL for low-density lipoprotein, and 17.9±4.68 mg/dL for very low-density lipoprotein, in that order). A significant difference with a P-value of less than 0.001 demonstrated this. The level of high-density lipoprotein in the blood was lower in people with cardiovascular disease (35.3±5.72 mg/dL) compared to the healthy control group (44.5±5.74 mg/dL), which was a statistically significant difference (p-value < 0.001). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.626) and hemoglobin A1c and total cholesterol (r = 0.208). A positive correlation was also found between total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (r = 0.923), triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein (r = 1). In addition, there was a negative correlation between triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (r = -0.370), high-density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein (r = -0.371), and low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein (r = -0.371). In conclusion, this study's findings indicate a substantial correlation between reduced levels of klotho and interleukin-10 and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, those with cardiovascular disease had increased fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein, along with decreased levels of high density lipoprotein. These results underscore the possible involvement of klotho, interleukin-10, and metabolic variables in the etiology and advancement of cardiovascular disease.