Development and characterization of bioactive glass based nanocomposite materials for bone tissue scaffolds

Throughout their life cycles, organisms experience functional loss in some tissues and organs due to diseases, accidents, and the effects of aging. These issues often lead to problems within the skeletal system, such as cracks, fractures, or even the complete loss of limbs. Addressing these problems, biomaterials and tissue engineering applications play a significant role. Biomaterials used can be designed to support damaged tissue or replace it and initiate the healing process in the affected area. In this research, bioactive glasses used in bone tissue engineering and the treatment of damaged bone tissues were synthesized using the sol-gel method. Diatomite, a sedimentary rock containing diatoms, which is a natural silica source, and alumina nanoparticles were used as additives. The produced powder samples were characterized, and then bone tissue scaffolds were fabricated using the polymer sponge replication method. Biocompatibility and bioactivity analyses of the scaffolds were conducted using the L929 cell line and simulated body fluid (SBF), and their surface morphologies were examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). After keeping the scaffolds in SBF for 30 days, apatite formation was observed on the surface of all scaffolds. Additionally, it was found that samples with diatomite exhibited a higher rate and density of apatite formation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the samples in SBF showed the characteristic 550-600 cm-1 band for apatite formation, and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results showed peaks specific to apatite at 26° and 32°. Culture and cytotoxicity studies with the L929 cell line indicated that the material morphology supports cell adhesion and showed no significant toxic effects during application. The materials prepared in this study demonstrated the desired properties for use in bone tissue engineering applications. The additives to the bioactive glass enhanced the material properties, resulting in the successful production of nanocomposite materials aligned with the thesis objectives.