Basic terms of tahalluk in the Kitap al-Zuhd

In history, Sufism has been classified into three periods. The first of these is the period of zuhd, which began with the life of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the lives of his companions (ashab al-kiram), the People of the Bench (ashab al-suffa), the Tabi'un and Taba'al-Tabi'in, and continued through the first Islamic century. The second is the period when Sufi concepts began to be used and the term "zuhd" began to be heard, lasting until the end of the second century of the Hijri calendar. The third period includes the time from the beginning of the 6th Hijri century onward and is characterized by the emergence of Sufi orders. Since the study in question deals with concepts found in zuhd books, it especially focuses on the zuhd period. This study was conducted within a conceptual framework. In Kitab al-Zuhd, the concept of worship ibadahis directly addressed, and alongside it, moral concepts are examined. Among the selected concepts are worship ibadah, morality akhlaq, poverty faqr, sincerity, ikhlas, asceticism, qana'ah, self-scrutiny, muraqabah, seclusion uzlah, truthfulness sidq, companionship sohbah, trust in God tawakkul, abstinence wara', and remembrance of God dhikr. The study is based on the zuhd concepts found in five essential primary sources: the works of Abdullah b. al-Mubarak, Waki'b. al-Jarrah, Ahmad b. Hanbal, Hammad b. Salamah, and Imam al-Bayhaqi. The study, conducted conceptually, first defines the meanings and terms of these concepts and supports them with verses and hadiths. It also includes narrations related to these concepts in the zuhd literature, analyzing how they were interpreted in their respective periods and how they shed light on our present. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of Sufism by examining core and auxiliary sources. Keywords: Morality, Worship, Kitab al-Zuhd, Sufism, Zuhd