The functionality of regional organizations in the context of globalization and localization trends: The case of Catalonia

The modern state structure began to take shape with the Peace of Westphalia and evolved into the nation-state model, particularly under the influence of the French Revolution. Since 1789, modern nation-states have been the primary actors in the international system. However, the global dynamics that emerged in the second half of the 20th century have transformed this dominant position in a multidimensional way. The concept of sovereignty, which once symbolized the supreme authority of states within their own borders, now also reflects how this power is shared with supranational entities and local demands. This study aims to analyze the effects of globalization, regionalization, and localization processes on the sovereignty structure of nation-states. First, the historical development of the nation-state and the evolution of the concept of sovereignty are examined, with particular emphasis on how states have gradually transferred parts of their sovereign powers to supranational organizations. This shift has challenged their previous dominance within the international system. The study then evaluates the impacts of globalization and localization on these structures through various theoretical approaches. The European Union is analyzed as a case of regional integration, focusing on how it intervenes in the sovereignty domain of member states. Additionally, the influence of the EU's regional policies on local identities is discussed. Finally, the Spain–Catalonia case is examined through a case study approach to illustrate how nation-states respond to local demands. The findings of this research indicate that nation-states can no longer claim absolute sovereignty. Instead, sovereignty has evolved into a multi-layered and relative structure. In this respect, the study contributes to ongoing debates concerning the future of the nation-state.