Wireless battery management system design for lithium-based batteries

With the advancement of technology, the applications of lithium-based batteries in daily life have been continuously expanding. In particular, the high energy demand in electric vehicles and renewable energy power plants not only increases the usage areas of lithium-based batteries but also drives the investigation of novel technologies. As the most critical component of the systems in which they are employed, lithium-based batteries must be consistently maintained within appropriate temperature and voltage ranges to ensure safe and efficient operation. To meet this requirement, Battery Management Systems (BMS) are integrated into lithium-based battery packs to regulate and monitor temperature and voltage levels. BMSs monitor the voltages of all cells within the battery pack, track temperature data, and have the capability to shut down the system for safety if any parameter deviates from safe limits. In addition, they perform various mathematical calculations—such as determining the State of Charge (SoC), State of Health (SoH), and discharge rates—to keep the user informed about the current condition of the battery system. Traditional Battery Management Systems are built on a daisy-chain architecture involving a central processing unit and several peripheral modules connected through sensors and wired communication interfaces. This architecture typically includes numerous wired connections for both data communication and sensor interlinking. However, such wired infrastructures can introduce safety hazards and efficiency losses, especially in complex or large-scale battery configurations. As a response to these challenges, researchers and engineers have sought alternative architectural designs that reduce complexity and enhance system reliability. In this thesis study, the design of a Wireless Battery Management System (WBMS) eliminates the need for physical cabling between battery modules, enabling wireless communication among modules within the battery pack without relying on a serial communication interface. Additionally, potential physical deformations—such as battery swelling—can be detected through strain gauge sensors integrated into the system. The use of isolated electronic components traditionally required for cell balancing circuits has also been eliminated, thereby simplifying the overall system design. These design features contribute to enhanced battery pack safety and enable significant reductions in system integration and maintenance times. Data collected via the Control Module is stored and processed to provide the user with essential technical information regarding the battery pack's operational performance. Furthermore, the adoption of a wireless communication infrastructure facilitates the seamless integration of external safety equipment—such as sensors—into the battery system, making it considerably more adaptable than conventional wired systems.