Mahmud Muhtar Pasha (1867-1935) his life, military and politicial activities,writings

Mahmud Muhtar Pasha was born on the 6th of December 1867, inIstanbul. His father, Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, was an important soldier and apolitician.Mahmud Muhtar Pasha, started education at the Zuhtu Pasha PrimarySchool. At nine years of Mahmud Muhtar Pasha became a border at theGalatasaray High School. In 1885 he was removed from Galatasaray HighSchool and sent to Military College of Harbiye. The same year he was sent tothe Military College in Metz, then part of Germany. He graduated aslieutenant in 1888. Simultaneously he attended courses of the Staff Collegein the German capital.After graduating as staff officer, he returned to Istanbul, was appointedto General Staff and became staff instructor at the Harbiye. In 1897, he tookpart in the war which broke out that year with Greece.After the Constitutional Monarchy had been declared on the 24th June1908, Mahmud Muhtar Pasha was appointed Comander of the ImperialGuard in Istanbul. His rank was reduced colonel with a law in 1909. And afterthat Mahmud Muhtar Pasha, was appointed governor-general of the provinceof Aydin, Izmir being its principal city.In 1910, Mahmud Muhtar Pasha was appointed Minister of Navy inbrahim Hakki Pasha Cabinet. He left this mission with the War ofTrablusgarp in 1911. He was appointed Minister of Navy when in July hisfather, Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, became Grand Vezir. When the BalkanWar broke out in 1912, Mahmud Muhtar Pasha went to front. He firstlycommanded the Third Army Corps of the East Army and secondlycommanded the Second East Army.He became Ambassador of Berlin in 1913. Mahmud Muhtar Pasha leftthe Embassy in 1915. By 1915 he was tired of political and military works.Mahmud Muhtar Pasha and his family returned to Istanbul after an absenceof nine years. In 1922, Mahmud Muhtar Pasha worked for to set up a newIstanbul Cabinet.In 1929, Mahmud Muhtar Pasha, was informed that the TurkishGovernment now held him responsible for the payment due for thebattleships while he was Minister of Navy in 1911. After that he never againset foot in his homeland.Mahmud Muhtar Pasha died on March 18th 1935, between Messinaand Naples.His important books names are those Üçüncü Kolordu?nun ve kinciŞark Ordusu?nun Muhârebâtı and Mâziye Bir Nazar Berlin Muâhedesi?ndenHarb-i Umûmiye Kadar Avrupa ve Türkiye-Almanya Münâsebâtı.