The effect of maternal anemia on fetal birth weight

Objective: The primary aim of this study is to determine whether the birth weights of newborns born to women diagnosed with maternal anemia during pregnancy are significantly lower compared to those born to healthy pregnant women. Additionally, the study aims to clarify the effect of maternal anemia on low birth weight by evaluating both the duration and severity of exposure. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, comparative study was conducted between October 2023 and October 2024 in primary healthcare centers located in Esenler, Istanbul. It included pregnant women aged between 18 and 35 years. Participants were categorized into four groups based on the presence and duration of maternal anemia. The study group consisted of anemic pregnant women, who were further classified into three subgroups: those diagnosed with anemia in at least two trimesters, those anemic in only one trimester, and those diagnosed with anemia at any point during pregnancy. Data regarding maternal age, parity, gestational age at delivery, and neonatal birth weight were retrieved from medical records. The birth weights of newborns in the four groups were compared. Results: A statistically significant difference in birth weight was observed between healthy and anemic pregnant women. However, when comparing healthy women to those who were anemic in only one trimester, no significant difference in birth weight was detected. In contrast, a statistically significant reduction in birth weight was found between healthy women and those anemic in two trimesters. Furthermore, when comparing the birth weights of newborns from women anemic in one trimester versus those anemic in two trimesters, a statistically significant difference was also observed. Conclusion: The study demonstrated a significant reduction in the birth weights of newborns born to anemic mothers. The fact that anemia persisting for two trimesters had a more pronounced impact than anemia detected in a single trimester highlights the importance of the duration of exposure. To improve pregnancy outcomes, iron supplementation throughout gestation is highly advisable. Keywords:Birthweight, maternalanemia, trimester