The investigation of chance in bioactivity of silver and gold nanoparticles by using some medical and toxic plant extracts growing in Mugla

Silver and gold nanoparticle synthesis were carried out with the green synthesis method, which utilizes non-toxic chemicals, using a naturally grown plant species, offering a fast, easy, reliable and completely environmentalist approach. Changes in the chemical and biological activities of plant species and silver and gold nanoparticles were investigated. Green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles were performed using Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Euphorbia rigida, Hypericum perforatum, Laurus nobilis, Lavandula stoechas, Nerium oleander, Origanum onites, Rosmarinus officinalis and Vitex agnus-castus, which grow naturally in our country. After nanoparticle synthesis, the presence and morphology of nanoparticles were determined by various characterization methods. UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, HR-TEM, SEM and SEM-EDS devices were used in characterization studies. Various physical and chemical properties such as the presence, structure, size and content of silver and gold nanoparticles were revealed with characterization studies. In the UV-vis spectroscopy, it was observed that silver nanoparticles gave specific absorbance peaks between 409 nm and 435 nm and gold nanoparticles between 529 nm and 618 nm. In the FT-IR spectrophotometer, structural determinations the relationship between water fractions and silver and gold nanoparticles were performed. The effect of different reducing organic structures in plant species on nanoparticles was investigated. The dimensions of a total of 18 silver and gold nanoparticles obtained with the HR-TEM were determined. Silver nanoparticles were observed to ranged between 3.70 nm and 67.80 nm and gold nanoparticles between 6.74 nm and 168.54 nm. Using the SEM, x30000 and 100 nm dimensions were performed and it was observed that the nanoparticles were in a regular and spherical structure. With the SEM-EDS device, the elemental contents of the nanoparticles were investigated, and organic elements such as carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen etc. were found in the contents of the nanoparticles. In 27 samples (9 water fractions with silver and gold nanoparticles), antioxidant activity (β-Carotene Total Antioxidant Activity, DPPH Free Radical Removal Activity, ABTS Cation Radical Removal Activity, CUPRAC Inhibition Activity and Metal Binding Activity), antimicrobial activity (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis bacterial strains, Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis yeasts) and anticancer activity (A549, MDA-MB-231 and HT29) tests were performed. In the examples, antioxidant activity was performed on a 96-well microplate reader spectrophotometer. The results were compared and the differences were revealed. Antimicrobial activity tests were performed using disc diffusion method. Ampicillin for bacteria and fluconazole for yeasts were used as positive control antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles originating from Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Euphorbia rigida, Nerium oleander and Vitex agnus-castus plants, and gold nanoparticles originating from Hypericum perforatum, Laurus nobilis and Lavandula stoechas were found to exhibit better antimicrobial activity than their own water fractions. Anticancer activity tests were performed in 27 samples by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. The tests were performed using a 96-well microplate reader spectrophotometer. According to anticancer activities, silver nanoparticles had good anticancer effects and gold nanoparticles competed with water fractions. In addition, it was determined that anticancer activity results changed according to different plant species. As a result, a comprehensive study on the species we studied (for the first time in most) was carried out. For the first time, both silver and gold nanoparticles were obtained in such small sizes using 9 different plant species. As a result of various characterization studies of nanoparticles obtained with a completely environmentalist approach, detailed results about their morphology were revealed. With the versatile antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity studies, the effects of water fractions and silver and gold nanoparticles were revealed comparatively. In antioxidant activity tests, most of the nanoparticles showed low activity; when investigated the results of antimicrobial and anticancer activity, it was found that most nanoparticles exhibit much better activity than water fractions.