Characteristics of the ore forming fluids of copper mineralization in Mutki (Bitlis)

Bitlis Metamorfic Massive is the the oldest unit in the Bitlis-Mutki region, which are overlain by Tertiary basin units. The copper mineralizations are typically observed as lenses within meta-carbonate rocks found together with ophiolitic rocks, representing a typical example of Cyprus-type copper deposits in the Mutki region. The ore minerals observed include hematite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, bornite, specular hematite, and gold, while the most commonly observed gangue mineral is calcite. Fluid inclusion studies show that primary inclusions in calcites have higher temperatures (210-330°C) and salinities (% 5.712-12.845 NaCl), whereas secondary inclusions have lower temperatures (95-195°C) and salinities (% 0,177-4,649 NaCl). Isotopic geochemistry analysis of calcites from ore zones in the study area suggests that the solutions forming calcites have precipitated from the dissolution of limestone in host rocks into veins or fractures. Sulfur isotope geochemistry studies indicate that the sulfur in sulfide minerals originates from magmatic or metamorphic sources.