Analysis of Orhan Pamuk novels in terms of structure and content

Orhan Pamuk, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, is seen as one of the pioneers of the postmodern novel understanding in our country. Especially in the novels he wrote after the novel Cevdet Bey and Sons, postmodern novel features are more visible. He is a writer who proves himself with his literary personality not only in our country but also in many countries around the world with his works. In this study, we examine Pamuk's works; The author prefers to use the narrators of the novels in harmony with each other, not in a monotonous way in his works. In his first novel, Cevdet Bey ve Oğulları, the author preferred the observant narrator with a godlike position, which is frequently used in the understanding of the classical novel, and diversified his narrators by changing his line after this novel. The author, who includes the subject narrator in the novels Beyaz Kale, The Museum of Innocence and The Red Haired Woman, causes the reader to be inadequate to look at the events and situations from other perspectives, as he only narrates the events from the eyes of the heroes in these novels. In order to overcome this situation, the author includes a plural narrator in his remaining novels. Pamuk uses both the divinely positioned observer narrator and the subject narrator in his novels The Silent House, The Black Book, New Life, My Name Is Red, Snow and A Strangeness In My Mind. The traditional narrator, the meddah, sometimes includes the narrator. In this way, it offers the reader the opportunity to look at it from different perspectives. The author himself sometimes interrupts and chats with the reader. Pamuk uses in his novels in terms of content; It is seen that the subject, theme and theses do not differ much from each other. For example, he includes the subject of love in many of his works. The author presents his works on more than one theme, sometimes without being tied to a single theme. With the changes he makes in time in his works, he drags the reader into a loop between past and present, case time and objective time. Except for his first novel, he does not give a long time period in a certain order in his other novels. The author uses indoor spaces together with open spaces in the spaces mentioned in the work. Istanbul is of great importance in some of the author's works. In some of his works, the place remains in the background, as he gives the descriptions of the place down to the smallest detail. Pamuk takes the people he uses in his books from real life and these are ordinary people. He uses his own family members as protagonists in some of his books. In addition to these, the writer, who sometimes gives life to a tree and sometimes a dog, also creates fictional people. Many of the characters used by the author are people who can be encountered in daily life anytime, anywhere. While some of his novels revolve around two or three people, in some of his novels the characters are more numerous. Due to the large number of people, such novels draw attention to events rather than people. In addition, he sometimes hides his characters so much that the reader has to read the novel until the end to find out who is who in the work. The author has not only included popular personalities, but has carried characters that will reflect all segments of society to important places in his fiction. By using characters representing political events and certain views in the society through people, he shows that his novels are not disconnected from life, although postmodern, they actually live these characters in reality. In the process of his artistic production and activity, Pamuk postpones the purely ideological approach and instead places a unique sensitivity at the center of his art. The author, who has shaped all his novels around central figures, from his first novel Cevdet Bey and Sons to his last novel Plague Nights published in 2021, has positioned social types around central figures. Looking at the stylistic features, editing techniques and elements of his novels, it is witnessed that the fiction in each of his novels is independent and different from each other. The author, who adds different stories to the fiction by making quotations from other literary texts (quotes with intertextuality) into his fiction, has written novels that keep the perspective of the work wide. Pamuk has used metafiction as easily as an ordinary copywriter. Writer; He blended many subjects such as love, East-West problematic, history, political problems and religion into his fiction. For Pamuk, writing a novel is a way of life and the author's life is based on writing. In this respect, his personality, self, reality of life and human qualities are inseparably integrated in his novels. In his fictions, the author sometimes returns from the end of the event and sometimes presents the novel to the reader in its normal course. It allows the reader to travel between the past, the future and the present by switching between time zones. In his works, plot, event integrity and endings form integrity in the form of chains connected to each other. After the first two works of Pamuk, whose works are examined in terms of narrative techniques, it is noticed that many narrative techniques that the conscious reader will notice are used. The author has included postmodern techniques in almost all of his novels. However, in some of his works, he gave more weight to some of these techniques. Just as the author mostly uses historical metafiction and metafiction techniques in the novel Plague Nights, and the flashback technique in the novel Yeni Hayat. When Pamuk's works are examined in terms of language and style, it is seen that language is divided into sub-titles. With the subtitles of language elements and language deviations, it has been looked at how the author has benefited from the richness of language usage. In this context, the novels have gained reality with the elements of the spoken language used by the author. The concept of style is important in terms of the original framework of the novel. Therefore, in our study, the concept of style and its types are defined. What kind of styles Pamuk uses in his works and whether he diversifies his works in terms of style are the subjects of this study. The narrative techniques used by the novelist in writing show how Pamuk's novelism emerged in terms of both quality and quantity, and how his artistic production was grounded at this point. At every stage of this study, it is aimed to determine the narrator's features, content, editing technique and elements, narrative form and expression techniques, language and style in his novels, together with the author's biographical reality.