Pakistan'ın avlulu evleri: Uzamsal konfigürasyonların sentaks analizi karşılaştırması

The domestic architecture is an oft-neglected aspect of urban society in Pakistan, even though a majority of architecture is in fact residential in nature. Furthermore, domestic architecture is the most important kind of architecture as people spend a majority of their times in these dwellings and draw upon them to provide for the most basic of physical and psychological needs. As there are a wide variety of different housings types in Pakistan, this thesis focuses on analyzing a particular type, the courtyard house, and compares that with what can be considered an ideal courtyard house layout using syntactical analysis methods. In order to perform a study on residential housing, a strong theoretical basis is provided in Chapter 2, which covers topics such as social group theory, social change, changes in cultural ecology and individual behavior, territoriality, as well as changes in spatial organization, personal space, privacy and behavioral modes. Additionally, particular cases of Pakistani society are discussed in order to better understand how theory relates to the current situation in Pakistan. To highlight points of particular importance, social change theory refers to the idea that society moves forward by either dialectical or evolutionary processes that can be driven by cultural, economic, religious, scientific or technological forces. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are two contrasting terms that best explain the transformation of the Pakistani society to its current form. Gemeinschaft is commonly translated as "community", where a group of people is considered more important than the individual whilst Gesellschaft is translated "society" where the individual and his interests take priority over the needs of the community. Historically, Pakistani society was predominantly a Gemeinschaft one where people lived in large joint family structures in close proximity or in the same residence, having a common understanding of social interactions, values and beliefs. However, with the increase of capitalistic economy, more independent living, scattered families and large cities, Gesellschaft tendencies have progressively become more dominant in the social structure of Pakistan. The exchange of people, goods, information, ideas and mentalities has ultimately made the larger cities like Karachi and Lahore, centers of great change. Primary territories such as private dwellings – are central to lives of the urban residents as they provide a place to retreat, assume a certain image and status within the family and society. With the transformation of society, the use and control of various spaces within these dwellings, has changed over time according to gender, age and activities. Evidently, partitions have grown more rigid over time causing spaces to become more segregated and specific in nature. Furthermore, family members interacting within these spaces have been afforded more personal space and privacy over time. With regards to understanding the modern courtyard house, one needs to be familiar with the origins of the dwelling and the long and varied history of architecture that the house draws inspiration from. Therefore, Chapter 3 follows the developments of the first rural dwellings found in the Indian sub-continent, the adaptation of these houses as the needs of the rural man changed, the urban houses that took these rural houses as their basis and the courtyards which first started to appear at this time into more developed urban courtyard houses that were adapted to the urban lifestyle. These houses were then reformed to the haveli house-type – the precursor of the modern day courtyard house. Based on the preceding research and knowledge, it is believed that the contemporary courtyard houses following the single central courtyard house typology has a better connectivity and smaller depth value in comparison to the multiple courtyard typology with dispersed, non-central courtyards throughout the house layout. This is explained in Chapter 4 along with the syntax analysis terminology and methods that have been used to perform the study.