Determination of essential oil and phenolic components of fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare); investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) has been utilized in classic medicine from old times all around the world. It is one of the medicinal and aromatic plants that have economics value and are cultivate in our territory. The antioxidant content of the Foeniculum vulgare plant fruit DPPH● radical scavenging activity, Total Polyphenol, CUPRAC (Cu+2 Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), Total flavonoid and FRAP (Fe+3 Reducing Antioxidant Power) methods were determined in this paper. Looking at the outcomes, the total phenolic and total flavonoid substance amounts were measured as 1.15±0.94 mgGAE/100g sample and 0.54±0.00 mg Quercetin/g sample. Antioxidant activities were found as 0.01±0.00 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/g sample for the FRAP, 0.08±0.00 mmol TEAC/g sample for the CUPRAC, and IC50=4.68 mg/mL for the DPPH● The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) method was used for antimicrobial activity. Foeniculum vulgare plant was found to exhibit antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris NRRL B-123 and Gordonia rubripertincta bacteria with a value of 2000 µg/mL, and antifungal activity with a value of 250 µg/mL against Candida glabrata ATCC 2001 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258. As a result of the clarified analysis of the essential oil components of the Foeniculum vulgare plant using SPME and GC/MS techniques, 34 components were identified for the plant. Among these components, Pentadecanolide (44.29%), which is an ester, Isobutyl angelate (10.01%), which is an ether (Z)-Anethole (5.84%) and Palmitic acid (5.80%), which is a fatty acid, have the highest ratio of the Foeniculum vulgare plant. identified as the main components. For the phenolic component determination of Foeniculum vulgare by HPLC-UV method, 15 standard phenolic compounds were used. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that only 0.7% (92 ppm) chlorogenic acid phenolic compound was found in the Foeniculum vulgare plant. Keywords: : Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Essential oil, SPME, GC-MS, Phenolic compound, HPLC-UV