The investigation of genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of Rhus coriaria (sumac) fruit extract by in vivo methods

The genotoxic, anti-genotoxic and oxidative stress potential of fruit extract of Rhus coriaria (Sumac) (RCE) were investigated using the chromosome aberrations (CAs) test for the bone marrow cells of rats, cytokines block micronucleus test (CBMN) for human lymphocytes, total oxidant and antioxidant test for peripheral blood of rats and DNA Damaging-Protective activity for pET-22b(+) plasmid. 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg concentrations of RCE did not induce chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow cells. Also, the highest concentration of RCE (2000 mg/kg) showed antigenotoxic effect against genotoxic effect of ethyl carbamate (Urethane) for both treatment periods (12 and 24 hours). 250, 500 or 750 µg/mL concentrations of RCE did not have DNA damaging effect in pET-22b(+) plasmid. In lymphocytes, RCE did not induce micronuclei or inhibit genotoxic effect of MMC. RCE showed cytotoxic effect in nuclear division index. Moreover, RCE increased cytotoxic effect of MMC when they were treated to lymphocytes together. In rat bone marrow cells, RCE was not cytotoxic according to mitotic index. The highest concentration of RCE statistically reduced total oxidant level (12 hours). Interestingly, the lowest total oxidant level was found in the lowest concentration RCE and EC together. 1000 and 2000 mg/kg concentrations of RCE decreased the total antioxidant levels of rat blood for 24 hours treatment period.