Detection and phylogenetic analysis of phytoplasmas agebnts causing diseasesdi in corn production areas in Şanliurfa province by molecular methods

Significant yield losses caused by phytoplasmas in corn production are a major problem both globally and in our country. Although Şanlıurfa ranks first in terms of corn planting area, it ranks second in production quantity, indicating substantial yield losses. In Şanlıurfa, a continental climate with hot and dry summers and annual rainfall below 400 mm prevails. The increase in yield losses, especially in hot and dry years, prompted research into the presence of phytoplasmas based on symptoms observed during survey studies. Samples were collected from plants showing phytoplasma symptoms during two years of survey studies. These symptoms included reddening of leaves and ears (Virescence), shortening of internodes, failure of ears to set kernels, ear deformities, and the appearance of leaf-like structures in the flower part where silks are present (Phyllody formation). Sample collection was carried out twice in 2022-2023. A total of 113 samples were collected and tested in the laboratory. Total Nucleic Acid Isolation was performed to obtain DNA from the collected plants. The obtained DNA was used in PCR studies conducted in two stages (Direct and Nested). PCR products were visualized on a transilluminator after agarose gel electrophoresis. Positive results were obtained from 13 of the 113 plants in total. Positive results were sent for sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. As a result of the phylogenetic analyses, it was revealed that the phytoplasma in the symptomatic corn plants found in the research areas belonged to the 16SrII ribosomal subgroup, identified as Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia. This is the first report revealing the presence of phytoplasmas in corn production areas in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. It is important in identifying the causes of yield losses in corn in Şanlıurfa.