Sultan Abdülhamid II's policies and practices towards Jewish Zionists Regarding Bayt Al-Maqdis

The study suggests that Sultan Abdülhamid II, as one of the pioneer leaders of the 19th century, not only transformed the Ottoman Empire from financial, inner, and international conflicts but also fostered neat and successful policies in restricting Jewish Zionist systematic land purchasing and settlement activities in Bayt al-Maqdis. The main argument of the study dwells on three pillars. Firstly, the study argues that the Sultan pacified and limited Jewish Zionist settlement and their land purchasing activities in Bayt al-Maqdis by putting restrictive measures into force against Jewish Zionist settlement and land purchasing activities in Bayt al-Maqdis. By that, the study argues that the Sultan prevented possible Jewish Zionist superiority in the region in terms of population and reserved lands. Secondly, the study supports that the Sultan increased the cohesion among Arabs, Christians, Jews, non-Muslim and Muslim residents of Bayt al-Maqdis despite Jewish Zionist provocations against the Sultan. The study further suggests that the varying people coming from different nationalities and faiths in the region were content with living under the banner of the Ottoman Empire and supported the Sultan and his policies undertaken against Jewish Zionists. Therefore, the study further supports the idea that the Sultan achieved to increase cohesion among Ottoman citizens regardless of their national identities and belief systems. Thirdly, the study summons up with the idea that the Sultan not only prevented a Jewish Zionist State from being founded in Bayt al-Maqdis, but he also successfully ended the hope of establishing a state in Bayt al-Maqdis by limiting Jewish Zionists and their land purchasing activities addressing the region. This study contends that the foundation of the Zionist Jewish state in 1947, after forty years of Sultan's reign under the protectorate of Britain, was the result of the Sultan Abdülhamid II's successful restrictive policies addressing Jewish Zionists in Bayt al-Maqdis.