The Linear and non-linear analysis of the historical buildings under static and dynamic loading: The study of küçük Ayasofya Camii

Before any attempt to be made for successful protection, restoration and repair of the historic monuments and buildings which have cultural and historic value, whole data about the definitions, strategy and design criteria of the structure should be picked up. The load carrying mechanisms and the strength characteristics of the materials of these type of structures which has been exposed to wars, fires, earthquakes and several hazards in their past history should be considered to make any strengthening and/or repair. The structural design criteria of repair and/or strengthening should also be consistent with all aspects of the artistic, architectural, historical and engineering disciplines to keep the historical meaning of the structure. In this study, an engineering approach is used to determine the structural planning of the historic monuments by the co-operation with the archeologs, historians and architects. The soil conditionss and the geotechnical aspects, material strength and characteristics are used in the structural modeling of the historic monuments and buildings. Historic monuments are made of masonary and the repair and strengthening of these structures needs to determine the parameters about the masonary, brick, grout and the amount and ratios of these materials, the strength and ductility characteristics, and the behavior of the materials. How the structural elements of the masonary structures can be treated in the repair and strengthening process of the structures and the several methods for this type retreatment have been analyzed in this study. In the first chapter of this study which has totally ten chapters, the works about historic monuments and buildings are summarized and the aim of this study is explained. In the second chapter of the study, the protection, repair and strengthening of historic monuments and buildings and experimental studies are explained and the methods of the strengthening and repair are determined. In the third part, in-situ experiments, material tests, shaking table and free vibration experiments, three dimensional analysis, strengthening and repair methods and the experiments on the repaired structures are described and analyzed. The aim, performance and results of these experimental studies are discussed. In the fourth chapter, the types of masonary, the brick and wall techniques and experiments about Ottoman and Bisance structures are analysed. The masonary, brick and grout techniques are picked up into groups for hundred years periods. In the fifth chapter, limestone and its characteristics which are used historic monuments around Istanbul are analyzed. Mechanical tests and their results of this study about limestone are explained and compared with the previous work. XVIIn the sixth part, the methods of plastic analysis are chosen for the analysis of the walls and structures. In addition, material and geometric properties are considered for the nonlinear behavior and the calculation methods and assumptions are explained. In the seventh chapter, the finite element method which have used in the structural modeling of the monuments and walls are extensively described. The shape functions which have been activatied in the finite element analysis and the limits on the mesh size for the non-linear analysis are explained in great detail. In the eight part, the behavior of walls which are made of brick-grout and masonary- grout composites are determined and the modeling of this composite elements in a finite element analysis have been shown by the introduction of the material parameters. In the ninth chapter, the repair and strengthening and static/dynamic analysis of the historic structures are described in detail. St.Bergius and Bacchus Church (Küçük Ayasofya Camii) are chosen as sample and the tests and analytical studies on these structures are illustrated. In the last chapter, the results and finding of these studies are summarized and the repair and strengthening techniques are shown by considering the structural modeling of historic monuments.