Evaluation of craniofacial morphology in patients with type 1 diabetes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) on craniofacial structures with a cross-sectional study. T1DM group included 76 subjects (38 males, 38 females) with a mean chronological age of 14.16±2.46 years who had T1DM for at least 2 years. Control group consisted 76 healthy subjects (38 males, 38 females) with a mean chronological age of 14±2.08 years with skeletal Class 1 relationship and no medical disorders who attended for orthodontic treatment in Gazi University Faculty of Dentisty Department of Orthodontics. Groups were categorized as pubertal and postpubertal according to bone age.Lateral cephalometric, panoramic, posteroanterior and hand and wrist radiographs were evaluated for changes in craniofacial morphology. Additionally, DMFTI (Decay Missing Filled Index), CPITN (Community Periodontal Index and Treatment Need) and periodontal indexes (PI) were examined. T1DM group was also assessed within group according to HbA1c values.The results were analyzed with parametric and non-parametric tests with a significance level of p<0.05. Neurocranium length, lenght of posterior cranium, theca thicknesses of calvaria, width and height of sella turcica and mental index decreased whereas the percentage of variations in sella turcica morphology and mental cortical index increased in T1DM group. In T1DM pubertal males, anterior rotation of mandible and anterior positioning of maxilla were more prominent but there was no significant difference between groups in postpubertal period. T1DM affected CPITN and PI scores but it didn?t affect DMFT scores. All results were statistically significant.