The Impact of social media on social protests: #mahsaamini protests in Iran and the role of Twitter

This research explores the critical role of social media, particularly Twitter, in shaping and supporting social protests, with a focus on the #MahsaAmini movement in Iran. Sparked by the tragic death of Mahsa Amini in 2022, these protests highlighted Twitter's significance as a tool for mobilization, communication, and documenting systemic oppression. By examining the perspectives of Iranian activists and users, the study delves into the dualistic nature of social media, which acts both as a facilitator of activism and as a medium vulnerable to misinformation and state control. Using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis, the study uncovers how Twitter enabled the rapid sharing of information, promoted hashtag activism, and fostered global awareness. Protesters leveraged the platform to bypass censorship, amplify suppressed voices, and draw international attention to injustices. However, challenges such as internet restrictions, digital surveillance, and the proliferation of disinformation revealed the limitations and risks of relying solely on digital platforms. The research also highlights the creative methods employed by Iranian protesters, such as nightly slogans and graffiti, to sustain visibility and engagement under restrictive conditions. Moreover, the study addresses the evolving nature of social media platforms, citing concerns about Twitter's trajectory under Elon Musk's leadership, which has raised new questions about the platform's role in information reliability. Contributing to the broader discourse on digital activism, this study provides valuable insights into how social media intersects with grassroots movements in authoritarian contexts. The findings offer practical recommendations for activists and policymakers aiming to maximize the potential of social media for effective resistance while mitigating its challenges. Keywords: Social Media Activism, #MahsaAmini Protests, Role of Twitter in Protests, Digital Mobilization, Hashtag Activism