Tracing Bā 'Alawī sufism in Singapore madrasah education: Historical influence, curricular integration, and contemporary relevance

This thesis explores the influence and integration of Bā 'Alawī Sufi teachings within the framework of Islamic educational institutions in Singapore. The study delves into the historical emergence of the Bā 'Alawī ṭarīqa in Singapore, focusing on its dissemination through madrasahs and its impact on religious pedagogy, community identity, and spiritual practices. Drawing on a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates historical analysis, ethnographic fieldwork, and curriculum studies, this research investigates how Bā 'Alawī Sufism shapes students' moral and spiritual development within madrasah settings. It examines the presence of Bā 'Alawī teachings in curricular and extracurricular activities, highlighting their contribution to fostering a holistic understanding of Islam that balances jurisprudence with spirituality. The thesis also addresses broader implications, including how Bā 'Alawī Sufism navigates contemporary challenges in a rapidly modernising society while maintaining relevance among younger generations. By situating the Bā 'Alawī ṭarīqa within Singapore's unique sociopolitical and multireligious context, this study contributes to the understanding of Islamic education as a dynamic space where tradition and modernity intersect. Ultimately, this work aims to provide a nuanced perspective on how Bā 'Alawī Sufism continues to sustain its legacy in shaping the intellectual and spiritual dimensions of the Malay Muslim community in Singapore while serving as a bridge between Southeast Asian and global Islamic Sufi traditions.