Investigation of Türkiye and Russia relations from the perspective of cooperation and conflict (1990-2023)

This study aims to examine Türkiye-Russia relations in the context of cooperation and conflict perspectives. In other words, the study reveals the areas that are subject to cooperation or conflictual relations between the states of Russia and Turkey. The end of the Cold War opened new opportunities for Türkiye and Russia, which were previously in opposing blocks. Due to cultural ties, Türkiye has aimed to establish strong relations especially with the countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Towards the end of the 1990s, Russia gained stability and began to see the former Soviet Union countries as vital for its security and began to compete with Turkey, which occasionally led to mutual threat perceptions. Despite economic crises, bilateral trade between Türkiye and Russia has developed with overlapping economic interests. Developing economic ties and problems with the West in the 2000s increased cooperation. Conflicts in Syria, Libya and the Eastern Mediterranean have revealed the existence of different interests, but also demonstrated the potential for cooperation. Despite issues of regional conflict, economic interdependence has encouraged reconciliation and cooperation.