Understanding entry mode choice of Turkish MNEs in pakistan

This study, following the recognition that there is lack of empirical data on the process of internationalization and entry mode choice by emerging economy's MNEs into another emerging economy, aims to understand how the process of entry mode choices by MNEs from Türkiye as an emerging economy occurs when entering Pakistan, which an Asian emerging country. For the purpose of the study, I conducted multiple case study on eight Turkish MNEs having operations in Pakistan. The results of the multiple case study reveal that six firms were observed to choose full ownership while partnership and multiple entry mode was respectively chosen by only one firm. The multiple entries chosen by one firm were the multiple local partners, joint venture and consortium and subcontracting. The study also showed that each firm followed a different pattern in terms of their motivation to do business in Pakistan, the risks and challenges they perceived, the criteria they considered, and the evaluation they used. The firms that chose the identical entry mode also followed different patterns from each other. This result not only highlights the significance of process of entry mode choice but also shows the unique approach adopted by Turkish firms while entering in Pakistan.