Energy requirements of Li-ion batteries used in space satellites

Technology is advancing in all areas, including aviation and space. Space research aims to improve our lives in many aspects. The subject of space has always been interesting to humans and it began to be more beneficial to humanity when it was combined with technology in the mid-1900s. Satellites launched into space and moving in the orbit or on the surface of any planet with a predetermined purpose help humans acquire various information, aiming to achieve telecommunications, TV broadcasting, meteorology, defense, optical observation, cartography, and etc. In addition to being one of humanity's greatest achievements, it has also helped us quickly access deeper knowledge in different fields. This study focuses on the important components of satellites, such the electrical power system and batteries that provide inter-system energy distribution. For satellites, the important factors are low weight, high capacity and long lifespan. Therefore, main aim is to minimize weight of electrical systems and achieve maximum energy density. The importance of battery design and selection according to the objectives and orbits of satellites (LEO, MEO, GEO, HEO orbits) has been investigated, along with the most efficient connection models. A literature review on battery designs for satellites has been conducted. The characteristics of the best battery manufacturers currently used in space vehicles and their Li-ion batteries have been examined and presented. The features and usage of next-generation Li-ion batteries and Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) batteries in space satellites have been explored, and factors that can impact the entire system in space have been investigated.