XIX. Balkansin generalgeography works at the end of the century

By the early 20th century, a large number of works on general geography had been published for various purposes, most notably military, administrative, and educational in nature. Some of them were intended to be classroom textbooks, while others were used to illustrate the borders of the Ottoman Empire and further glorify the power of governing sultans. Literary works published in the period from 1872-1873 (1289 AH) to 1907-1908 (1325 AH) such as Zübdetü'l-Coğrafya (in English: The Core and Essence of Geography) by Enderunî (someone who is educated at the Enderun School of the Ottoman Empire) Hafiz Abdullatif Efendi, "Arusetü'd-Dünya Nam Coğrafya-yı Umum-i Devlet-i Aliyye maa Hıdıvviyet-i Celile-i Mısriye" (in English: The Ottoman Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt) by Mehmet Kamil, "Muhtasar Coğrafya-yı Osmani" (in English: Overview of the Ottoman Geography) by Kudsizade and Muhammed Akıl from Aleppo, Hulâsa-i Coğrafya-yı Osmani (in English: Overview of Ottoman Geography) by Lieutenant Commander Ali Cevad and Lieutenant Remzi, Osmanzade Hüseyin Vassaf's Hulasa-i Umumi Coğrafya (in English: Overview of General Geography), Hasan Sırrı's Muhtasar Osmanlı Coğrafyası (in English: Overview of the Ottoman Geography), Hüseyin Hüsnü's Taksimat-ı Düveli ve Müstemerat-i Milel-i Havi Coğrafya-yı Osmani (in English: The Division or Partitioning of States and The Regions of Ottoman Geography That Have Been Developed and Industrialized.), Ibnül-Cevad's Coğrafya-yı Umrani (in English: Developed and Industrialized Geography), Abdurrahman Şeref's Coğrafya-yı Umumi (in English: General Geography) and Mehmet Eşref's Mükemmel ve Mufassal Atlas (in English: Detailed and Comprehensive Atlas) were included in the thesis. Based on these works, the geography of the Ottoman Empire referred to as Avrupa-i Osmani (European part of the Ottoman Empire aka Balkans) is studied. Based on the available works, the provinces of Thessaloniki, Kosovo, Shkodra, Ioannina, Bitola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, and Rumeli-i Şarki (Eastern Rumelia) are examined and the history of these provinces, their transformation under Ottoman dominion, population, economic structure, geographical features, industries, mines, and administrative divisions of the provinces are discussed.