Erzurum Pri̇son at the begi̇nni̇ng of the XX. Century.

ABSTRACT XX. YÜZYIL BAŞLARINDA ERZURUM HAPİSHANESİ GÜNDOĞDU, Sevda Master Thesis, Department of History Thesis Advisor: Asst. Prof. Kevser DEĞİRMENCİ November, 2019, 123 pages In Ottoman empire, "Prison Reform" had taken placein the second half and the fallowing years of XIX. century. The study deals with the reform actions of Erzurum province prison like the actions taken in other province prisons. It is possible to accept "mapushane" by Gültekin Yıldız and "Hapishane". A collection of articles edited by Emine Gürsoy Naskali and Hilal Oytun Altun as the main sources on prison topic moreover, a great numberg articles have been written on this subject. "Isparta in the Last Period of Ottoman Empire" by Ali Rıza Gönüllü and "The Condition of Nevşehir Prison at the begining of 20 th Century" by Kevser Değirmenci can be counted among all these dissertaions on this specific topic. Some of them have importance including "Prisons in Aydın at the end of 19 th century and the beginingof 20 th Century" by Ufuk Adak, and "Sinop Prison at the end of 19 th century and begining of 20 th century" by Nazmiye Akbey. Our study titled as " Erzurum Prison at the begining of 20 th century" consists of 2 parts. The fist section of the thesis points out the themes such as crime, punishment and prison in Ottoman law system. Explaining the laws that were regulated within the scope of Religious and Customary Laws in Ottoman empire, the crimea of "hadd", "kısas", an "tazir" were classified. The punishments such as dungeon, confinement in a fortress, bond, rowing and log were told to be conducted in these classified crimes. The changes at these punishments aimed at bodies were explained to be through The Rescript of Gülhane. Upon declaring the rescript and the reinforced laws (1840, 1851, 1858 dated punishment code of laws), the life possession and honor safety of Ottoman citizens was secured by the government and the related changes were included in the study. As western countries kept the prison issue on the agenda to interfere with Ottoman empire the empire had to declare a rescript in 1858. The rescript called as edict of reform resulted in a total change in Ottoman empire. Within the process of reforming Ottoman province prisons, regulation of "Muhakemet" was published and it was succeeded by 1880 regulation of prisons. Were take into consideration after they were controlled by young Turks in 1908 and the laws of the period were discussed. In the second part of the thesis the prison was dealt in almost all aspects based on the documents of Erzurum province prison. Keywords: Crime, Punishment, Edict, Code of laws, Erzurum, Reform, Erzurum Prison