A case of acculturation in construction history: historical timber pillared mosques in anatolia and iran

This study aims to reveal the cultural interactions between architectural traditions by comparatively analysing the structural systems of timber pillared mosques built in Anatolia and Iran between the 11th and 14th centuries. The research is based on the assumption that architectural form can be read not only at the level of ornamentation but also through tectonic structural systems. Analyses of 10 mosque examples have allowed the architectural approach of both regions to be evaluated through elements such as beam placement, pitch organisation, window openings, entrance setup, column capitals and structural connection details. In the Anatolian examples, the beams were generally placed perpendicular to the qibla wall, and this arrangement contributed to the prominence of the central nave in the interior space. In Iranian mosques, on the other hand, the placement of the beams parallel to the qibla wall led to a more horizontal spatial configuration and a less orientated plan. Stone was generally used in Anatolia, while brick was used in Iran. This is also reflected in the arrangement of openings, such as window sizes and positions. In Anatolia, windows are smaller and placed close to the ceiling, whereas in Iran, larger openings and lower elevations are preferred. In addition, wooden reinforcements were used in Anatolia to increase the seismic resistance of the buildings, while in Iran, structural balance was achieved through regular openings in the walls. In both regions, double beam systems were used and it was observed that the geometry of the parcel played a guiding role in the layout of the buildings. The findings reveal the existence of a historical continuity in building systems and that this continuity is closely related to acculturation processes. The study emphasises that Islamic architecture contains a complex, multi-layered and contextual building system that cannot be reduced to decoration only; therefore, cultural production should be considered in a historical and social context.