Refutations on Darwinism in the context of New Science of Kalam

In the 19th century, reform studies in the field of Kalam began in the Islamic geography in order to revitalize the science of Kalam and to solve the problems that emerged under the influence of movements such as Positivism, Materialism and Darwinism. With these studies, which lasted about two hundred years and continue today, it was aimed to reshape kalam and gain function both in terms of content and method. The main purpose of this study is to make a small contribution to the Kalam literature by examining the refutations written against Darwinism in the context of the New Science of Kalam, revealing the ideas defended in these refutations, discussing their similar and different aspects, and comparing the evidence and methods they use. In addition, in the specific case of rejections, "Does the existence of evolution prevent the proof of the existence of the creator?" an attempt will be made to find the answer to the question. The fact that these rejections have not been studied before in the context of New Science of Kalam makes this research important. In the first part of the study, the subject of the study, the importance of the study and the evaluation of the literature are discussed. In the second part, people who were influential in the formation of Darwinism were discussed under the title of Darwinism. In this context, the views of Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829), Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) were discussed. In the third part, under the title of Darwinism in Ottoman thought, the organizations and publications that played a role in the introduction of Darwinism to the Ottoman Empire and the prominent representatives of Darwinism in Ottoman thought are discussed. In the fourth part, the criticisms of Darwinism made by people such as Ali Sedad (1857- 1900), İsmail Ferid (1852-?), Hasîrîzâde Mehmed Elif Efendi (1850-1927), İsmail Fenni Ertuğrul (1855-1946) and Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen (1883-1971) it is discussed. In the conclusion, the criticisms of the people we mentioned above about Darwinism are compared with each other. In addition, the evidence and methods they used in their criticisms and rejections were also examined. In this context, the similarities and differences of the evidence they used and the views they put forward were revealed. Then, the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence these people used to criticize Darwinism were discussed. In this way, the strength of the denials they put forward was tried to be understood.