Yoksulluk çıkmazı: Türkiye'de hanehalkı gelirinin iş arama davranışına etkisi

Since the day it began to rule the world, humanity has tried to adapt to the conditions in order to continue its existence. Even though she was severely chal- lenged by these conditions from time to time, she somehow made an effort to survive and never gave up. After the progress of time and the results of the strug- gle with difficulties, it has been seen that the skills acquired by humanity are integrated with nature and find answers to their wishes as well as their needs. In all this process, unfortunately, she is faced with a problem that she cannot get rid of altogether: Poverty. This issue, which is seen as the main problem of both the individual and the society, is not handled through a single factor due to its nature. Because even its definition is handled from different perspectives by many disciplines, it is diffi- cult to express poverty in a single way. A superficial explanation of a concept that touches humanity so much is not an expected situation. For this reason, the concept has been the subject of discussion in many fields from economics to so- ciology and from history to anthropology. The process that starts with the definition of poverty continues with the factors that affect it and are affected by it. To start by mentioning a few of the factors that poverty affects; Individuals can continue their lives in the material context, the ways they use in order to achieve their material gains, the efforts made to reach these ways, their attitudes towards life and their perspectives can be mentioned. In addition to all these, when we look at the angle that poverty is affected by, the decisions of the rule-making mechanism play a more decisive role rather than the behavior of the society or individuals. Because when we look at what individuals or households can do about poverty, it is clear that existing initiatives will be left alone with the decision mechanism, especially in bureaucracy-intensive countries like Türkiye. In addition, when considered from the perspective of developing countries, providing state support for what people can do to fight poverty can be considered as a more effective method. When we look at the situations that individuals can do in order to fight poverty under their conditions, it is seen that they first decide to join the labor market. Among the main reasons for this are the material continuity created by the work and the sense of "achievement" in the moral sense. Although the financial conti- nuity criterion cannot be met by every business line, even less the financial return of the effort provides individuals to be satisfied in certain respects. Although be- ing in the labor market has its benefits in these ways, it is not easy to be in it. For this reason, realizing job-searching behavior is costly both financially and morally. The "moral cost" may come as a surprising phrase to the reader at first. However, what is meant to be explained here is the effort of individuals to survive in a mental and physical sense in a process where the conditions are getting harder day by day and the outcome is uncertain. In the literature, job searching behavior has been looked at from various an- gles to look at both how it is done and the factors affecting it, and it has been tried to find answers. Unemployment insurance, the way of looking for a job, the ef- fects of individuals' own characteristics (age, gender, education, etc.) and crises that occur are among the studies that examine the factors affecting the job search- ing behavior of individuals. How the incomes of the households affect their job searching behavior is the main research topic. From the perspective of this issue, it is necessary to mention the factors that make up the household income. Just like the diversity seen in job-searching behavior, households can obtain their current income in different ways. From this point of view, wage and daily wage incomes obtained by being in the labor market, income obtained as an en- trepreneur, investment income from movable-real estate, and short-term unem- ployment benefits and loans can be shown as the main categories. Differences in income generation in households cause individuals' job searching behavior to change both among each other and in their own processes. Apart from the finan- cial income brought by the work, the share of working conditions, job continuity and the opportunities it provides in this change is at a visible level. Therefore, it would be appropriate to state that job search behavior is not a linear process from beginning to end. Returning to the link between household income and job-searching behavior, it seems reasonable to include poverty in the equation here. Although poverty is a problem that cannot be reduced to financial reasons, its connection with income is also undeniably strong. Therefore, examining the link between household income and poverty and how job searching behavior will take place may contribute to the literature. On the other hand, the loans among the above-mentioned options within the scope of household income are one of the main sources applied due to the recent Covid-19 Crisis has led to the opening of a separate parenthesis on loans. One of the other lines of the study is how the reductions in interest rates and the conveniences provided for repayment have both negative and positive effects. Another reason for this interest in the credit market is the literature created to examine the relationship between job searching behavior and unemployment insurance. The biggest reason here is that the handling of unemployment insur- ance differs from country to country. In fact, the unemployment insurance system has a more systematic structure in developed countries makes it possible to study this issue in more detail. However, it may be more appropriate to evaluate job- searching behavior from a different perspective, due to the fact that similar social expenditures in developing countries are both difficult to obtain and data on the subject are insufficient. As the historical processes of some countries show, it is a common method to support families before the unemployment insurance sys- tem finds its place. In this sense, in cases where the household income is not sufficient, loan supports and, if any, other grants or aids can be seen as factors that facilitate the survival of households and individuals. A point to be reminded is that the acquisition and repayment of loans is not as easy as it seems. What is meant is the support provided only in the short term. Therefore, it is obvious that some of the benefits of unemployment insurance are not encountered in the credit system. It is also important to have a working background in order to deal with unemployment insurance. However, when there are new individuals who will take place in the labor market, different ways are sought in order to meet the necessary costs. In this context, the contribution of the study to the literature is to expand the one-way perspective between poverty and the probability of job-searching be- havior. Because the general reflection of the connection between poverty and job searching behavior is that the job search behavior in poverty is low, so, the house- holds are so poor. The probability of job searching behavior can be shown as the main reason for the high number of unemployed in poor households. However, the conditions of the labor market and the working process are closely depen- dent on factors differ from each other are a warning to change this point of view. Especially in today's world, the relationship between poverty and job-searching behavior becomes more questionable at a point where, despite completing the working period. It is trying to maintain this situation due to financial problems or at a point where it is possible to accept any kind of job due to insufficient working conditions. In this context, the main reason why job-searching behavior is emphasized is that the relationship with unemployment that is not as stable as expected. Because such a point of view means ignoring the problems in the labor market. Therefore, it also distances the studies about this subject from reality. The data analyzes and empirical model created with the SILC Data Survey, which was created within the scope of panel data by the Turkish Statistical Insti- tute (TURKSTAT) between the years 2016-2019. The income level in the house- holds, including many individual characteristics of the individuals (age, gender, education, health and marital status) are investigated whether it has an effect on job-searching behavior. In particular, the dependency on working-individual in- come in poor households and how households with relatively better income levels can respond to this effect are discussed. Apart from the empirical model, the study also includes a theoretical grounding that examines the relationship between peo- ple's wealth and job-searching behavior. From this point of view, it is possible to live a life dependent on household income as long as it is possible, since the situ- ation of the educated young generations in Türkiye. Because those young people will be in the labor market for the first time, can not find a job in accordance with their own conditions, mostly within the expected time. On the other hand, it should be noted that finding a job suitable for personal conditions is more difficult than in the past due to the deepening of the crises in today's world and the ever-changing living conditions. Majorities who are will- ing to work may prefer not to use their current efforts in favor of job-searching behavior due to working conditions, not being able to find their ideal job or not being able to find only a job. The disruptions experienced for a long time be- come a reason of the loss of motivation of people to find a job, even to look for a job cause the formation of a new category independent of unemployment. This category is called "discouraged workers" in the literature. Therefore, various criteria show themselves in the measurements made. This is one of the only reasons for rearranging the obtained data with analyzes created outside the model. In particular, this review is to indicate that different possibili- ties may occur, rather than looking at the relationship between job-searching be- havior and unemployment in a linear way, as stated above. The definitions made to explain the relationship between the data only, calculations made through vari- ous criteria accepted in the literature are also included in the study. Especially, the definition of poverty, which is handled in different ways by various disciplines, is also tried to be calculated with different measurement forms in the same vari- ety. Based on the Square Root Method, which is considered based on time among different measurement techniques, the Poverty Threshold is tried to be calculated with the available data. At the same time, the Poverty Threshold measurements published between 2016-2019 and the measurements in the study are compared and the differences between them are also mentioned. As a result, in this study, it is mentioned that apart from the basic judgments between poverty and job searching behavior, the relationship between them has different dynamics. In the evaluations on poverty, the Poverty Threshold, the rate of unemployed in households and the rates of job searching behaviors per house- hold are examined. While focusing on household income, the credit market and unemployment insurance system are tried to be expressed in a historical perspec- tive with examples from all over the world. In addition to all these, an empirical model based on the Logit-Probit Model is created in order to examine the nature of the connection between household income and job searching behavior, and how the variables are related between the 2016-2019 time period. Keywords: Unemployment, Unemployment Insurance, Poverty, House- hold Financing, Job Searching Behaviors, Public Policies