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The impact of perceived organizational justice and job satisfaction on cyberslacking: An empirical research in municipalities in central Adana
The history of justice took its roots from Ancient Greece and has been discussed since then. In time, the concept of justice has been adapted to different areas of life with various meanings. According to management science, the concept of justice refers to the sense of equity among employees, which is shaped by reward, wage, and disciplinary regulations. Within the framework of the Equity Theory, it is asserted that if employees feel a sense of inequity, their organizational justice perceptions and job satisfaction will be affected negatively. As a result, these undesired consequences have the potential to cause counter-productive work behaviors. In this respect, cyberslacking, which has become one of the contemporary problems of the digital technology era, and defined as the use of the internet for non-work-related purposes during working hours, is considered as one of the counter-productive work behaviors. Despite the fact that cyberslacking is held responsible for time-wasting at work, it may cost employers more. For instance; legal issues, productivity slowdown, inefficient use of internet sources of the organization can cause trouble for employers. Therefore, it is important to understand the concepts that leads to cyberslacking behavior. In this line, the purpose of the study is to examine the effect of perceived organizational justice and job satisfaction levels of municipal employees on their cyberslacking behaviors.In order to examine the relationship among the variables, a quantitative-based cross-sectional design was followed. Data was gathered by survey method from municipal employees in central Adana. 211 participants' survey forms were deemed appropriate. Then, the data were analyzed, necessary evaluations were made to ensure the validity and reliability of the scales used in the survey form, and the relationships between the concepts were tested. The results of the analyzes showed that cyberslacking consists of two dimensions, namely social-informational and recreational-informational. When the relationship between the variables in the research model was examined, it was found that perceived organizational justice and job satisfaction levels of employees have a negative and moderate-level significant impact on social-interactional and recreational-informational slacking behaviors. Both in public and private institutions, intentional or unintentional work practices have the potential to cause the perception of injustice and job dissatisfaction. These conditions may lead employees to engage in cyberslacking behaviors. In this context, recommendations were presented for municipal authorities and future researches.
Investigating the effects of the "VUCA" factors on product innovation performance at turkish bus & coach industry
With the expansion of globalization, digitalization, and rapid technological developments over the world, businesses have been challenging with fluctuated markets, unpredicted issues, launching more complex products & services to attract customer preferences, and the inability to maintain the decision-making process combined with lacking information at several industries. The VUCA concept as an acronym was coined by United States Army War College (USAWC) to describe a chaotic environment, including volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity factors. After the global financial crisis in 2008, the VUCA concept has regained importance through management and leadership perspectives. Employees are one of the critical components for companies to sustain business progress in less adverse effects during the age of disruptive innovation. Within these perspectives, each VUCA factor was analyzed through the scales based on perception, and the researcher aimed to investigate possible relationships among VUCA factors. Additionally, the relationship between Product Innovation Performance (PIP) and each of the VUCA factors were examined to illustrate the effects. As a result of detailed observations and analysis, each VUCA factor had a significant relationship between them and categorized in two distinctive but interrelated dimensions under the circumstances of the Turkish bus & coach industry. Although there is a relationship between VUCA's volatility, uncertainty, complexity factors, and the product innovation performance of the Turkish bus & coach industry, it is observed that especially ambiguity (r = .346) factor has a high impact on the product innovation performance at Turkish bus & coach industry. The Covid-19 pandemic, international conflicts, terror attacks, economic instabilities, climate change in which humanity has been experiencing nowadays demonstrate that the existence of the VUCA concept may be in the future and can be accepted as the "new normal" occurring in unpredicted intervals of time
Estimation of voter movements with Markov chains
The concept of "future" is known to involve uncertainty and risk. It is highly probable that with the prediction of the future, the uncertainties would be eliminated to a great extent and the desired results would be achieved.The prediction of the future may lead the risks to be turned into opportunities thus, the opportunities to evolve into earnings. This fact is also valid for political parties. With the presumption of the future possibilities in advance, the management of the events will be easier, and thus, political parties will achieve greater success in the next elections by strengthening their management strategies. Studies to make predictions about the future with the help of Markov Chains and Hidden Markov Chains have remarkably became widespread in recent years. In this study, Markov Chains Model was used to estimate the votes of the political parties and Hidden Markov Model was used to determine hidden states underlying the reasons for voters' choice. In the study done using the Markov Chain application, it is aimed to estimate the probability of which party the voters will prefer in the future and how the voting rates of political parties will be in the long term by considering the party preferences of the voters in the previous election. As a result of the analysis of the data, it was observed that voting for the Adalet and Kalkınma Party for Adana province was the highest in the party loyalty (87.06%) and Cumhuriyet Halk Party's and Milliyetçi Hareket Party's voters would increase more in the long term than other parties. In addition, a road map on the changes that the parties should make on their current policies in order to achieve their goals is presented in the study considering equilibrium (fixed) vector. In the second part of the study, which the Hidden Markov Model was applied, the factors affecting the reasons for preference were examined. As a result it has been determined that socio-economic, religious and social characteristics have an effect on voter behavior as well as psychological tendencies and image-oriented factors such as party identity, ideology, demographic factors (age, income level, gender, occupation etc.), political candidate image, political party image, election campaigns and information sources. In this context, the aim of the research is to determine the factors underlying the party preferences of voters who vote in local elections by depending on these factors. The universe of work was limited to Adana city due to time and cost limitations. The sample group sizes were calculated considering the number of voters in Adana's districts, and face-to-face questionnaire was applied to randomly selected individuals.
The evaluation of Turkish textiles and ready made sector as of today
Textiles has been a fundamental necessity of human beings for protection. As society developed, city populations grew, and urban life style is accepted. The classical hand power and home production was converted into huge tailor workshops. With the introduction of steam power, electricity and mechanization industrial production started. Especially during the first world war the necessities of military created a big demand. After the second world war, the long peace and reconstruction, and economical welfare period, fashion, design, colors, and innovation became dominant. International trade started to be more and more and exchange of products showed a large share in trade. Especially after 2005 free trade and unristricted quota levels, with enterance of China and far eastern countries textiles and ready made markets became a new different arena. Turkey has been a traditional homeland for silk, wool, cotton, carpet and textile production. Especially after 1980 the export based strategic development plan of Turkey, textiles and ready mades production reached up to 50 billion us dollars where about 70 % is exported. After 2005 the competitors started to develop their production and export capacity faster than Turkey. This study analyzes the outcomes and reasons of the implementations of Turkey, using Michael Porters DIAMOND model, in relation with historical back ground and in relation to management and organization, rules and regulations of state. The conclusion of this study is that, with a valuable accumulation of culture and expertise, with experience in very competitive markets; Turkey should keep these industries and support strongly for employment, foreign currency gain, tax and social comfort.
The effect of exchange rate on firm performance: Evindence from Turkish listed firms
Firm performance is a subject that researchers have been working on for many years. The factors which determine the firm performance have been one of the issues emphasized in the studies. The exchange rate is a price. In other words, the exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another currency. A country's unstable currency leads to negative economic activities in that country. While the exchange rate is determined on the basis of international trade in goods and services, money markets became more effective in determining exchange rates as a result of the rapid development of technology. In this context, one of the most critical indicators in economy is the foreign exchange rate. This study aims to explain the effect of exchange rate on the financial performance of textile firms. In this context, 22 Turkish textile firms were selected for the period between 2005 and 2019. The Least Squares Dummy Variable Model was employed for analyses. In the study, Return on Asset (roa) was used as the dependent variable and the Real Effective Exchange Rate (reer) as the main independent variable. In addition, age, size, and lev were added as control variables in the study. Return on equity variable was also used to test the robustness of the main model. In conclusion, it was found that the change in the real exchange rate affected the roa and roe negatively and this effect was statistically significant.
How to decide the international franchising mode: A research study in the Turkish fast fashion retail sector
The purpose of this study is to reveal which mode of international franchising has been selected depending on the different formalization levels of franchising contracts, and the level of relationship developing between the franchisor and the franchisee. In the study, the amount of resource transfer from franchisor to franchisee, the level of communication between the parties, knowledge transfer and trust have been considered as the dynamics of the relationship level. In terms of formalization which is another dimension of the research, the level of franchisor's standardization to the franchisee and sanction levels may be applied to the franchisee when it is not complied have been examined. Accordingly, the study has been conducted on the franchising experiences of two companies operating in the Turkish fast fashion retail sector between 2005 and 2015 in the markets of Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Dubai and Qatar. In this study, which followed the qualitative research method, the multiple case method has been used. The analyzed data has been obtained through document reviews and face-to-face interviews. Analyzes reveal that there is a link between the modes of international franchising that companies have been chosen and the level of relationship and the level of formalization. Thus it has been observed that when the level of formalization and relationship are low, single franchising is chosen, when they are both high, the master franchising is chosen and when the relationship level is high and formalization level is low, area franchising is chosen.
Kentlerin iklim adaleti sınavı: Adana örneği
Günümüzün endişe veren en büyük problemlerinden biri olan küresel iklim değişikliğinin şehirlerde farklı insan profillerini farklı biçimlerde etkilemesi, kentsel iklim adaletsizliği oluşturmaktadır. İklim adaletsizliğinin kentsel ölçekte ortaya çıkardığı eşitsizlikleri çözmede yerel yönetimler devreye girmektedir. Şimdiye dek herkes için görünür olmayan iklim değişikliği kaynaklı aşırı hava olayları, etkilerini şiddetlendirdikçe daha fazla insanın dikkatini çekerken gündelik hayatın sorunlarında üst sıralara yükselmiştir. Bu sebeple başta Adana Büyükşehir Belediyesi olmak üzere tüm yerel yönetimlerin iklim değişikliği eylem planı hazırlayıp bir an önce uygulamaya geçmesi elzem nitelik taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Adana'da yaşayan 501 katılımcıya yöneltilen anket soruları ve yapılan derin literatür araştırması ile küresel iklim değişikliğinin Adana'daki etkilerini belirlemek, kent sakinlerinin iklim değişikliği hakkında farkındalık düzeyini ölçmek, Adana'nın kentsel iklim adaletinde payına düşeni alıp almadığını tespit etmek ve Adana'da oluşturulması beklenen iklim değişikliği eylem planı için iklim değişikliği uyum politikası önerileri geliştirilerek büyükşehir belediyesine kolaylık sağlamak ve literatüre katkı sağlamaktır. Yaptığımız anket çalışması sonucunda, katılımcıların %89,62'si insan faaliyetlerinin küresel ısınma üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olduğunu düşünmektedir. Bölge halkının %70,2'si küresel problemlerin sıralanmasında kuraklığı ilk sıraya taşırken, %75,0'i küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliğini üçüncü en büyük küresel sorun olarak görmektedir. Kent sakinlerinin %63,3'ü Adana'da iklim değişikliğinin etkilerinin yüksek olduğunun, %95,4'ü en çok tarım sektörünün etkilendiğinin farkındadır. Katılımcıların %66,66'sı iklim değişikliğinin en temel sebebinin fosil yakıtlara dayalı elektrik üretimi olduğunu ve %37,3'ü Adana'daki en büyük çevre sorununun hava kirliliği olduğunu bilmektedir. İklim değişikliği ile mücadelede katılımcıların %69,1'i bilinçlendirmenin önemli olduğunu düşünmektedir. Yaptığımız anket çalışması neticesinde, Adana'da yerel halkın iklim değişikliği ile ilgili farkındalık seviyesinin tahmin edilenden fazla olduğu görülmektedir.
The role of exporting on capital structure: A firm-level investigation
Capital structure is a subject that researchers have been working on for many years. In this study, the effect of exports on capital structure decisions has been investigated at the firm-level. In this study, the 2005-2019 annual data of 208 companies exporting in Turkey has been used. Leverage has been used as the dependent variable, and the export intensity, calculated by dividing exports by total sales, as the main independent variable. In addition, asset structure, cash flow, and firm size variables has been added as control variables in the study. In order to test the estimation results of the model, the variables of current ratio, real gross domestic product, and real effective exchange rate has been added. Panel data regression analysis has been used in this study. According to the analysis results, a positive relationship has been found between export intensity and leverage, however this relationship is statistically insignificant. A positive and statistically significant relationship has been found between asset structure, firm size, and leverage, and a negative correlation has been found between cash flow and leverage. Among the variables added to the model for robustness checks, a negative but statistically insignificant relationship has been found between current ratio and leverage. It has been found a negative relationship between leverage and real effective exchange rate, and this is statistically significant. A positive but statistically insignificant relationship has been found between gross domestic product and leverage.
Development of entrepreneurship education plan in the light of international standards and national needs
Entrepreneurship activities have become one of the factors that have the greatest impact on the economic well-being of individuals and countries in today's global competitive environment, whose dimensions are constantly evolving. Many entrepreneurship activities have started to emerge in different parts of the world and in different sectors, especially with the effect of developing communication technologies and globalization. As a natural result of these developments, entrepreneurship has begun to be seen as a tool that every country supports intensively in order to achieve sustainable economic prosperity. Although entrepreneurship is one of the most frequently emphasized economic elements of today, it is possible to talk about a great need for the reproduction of successful and sustainable entrepreneurship examples through the correct guidance of individuals who can be qualified as entrepreneurs. At this point, planning an entrepreneurship education that focuses on the right points, is satisfactory in content, and includes practice as well as theory gains critical importance In this study, it is aimed to present an entrepreneurship education proposal that can meet local and international needs. For this purpose, interviews were held with trainers who provide training in the field of entrepreneurship and people who have received training in this field before.As a result of the study, it has been determined that there is a need for an innovative education plan that combines theory and practice in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. In addition, it is important that this training plan has a structure that plans the pre-training and post-training processes in a balanced way and includes individuals who have experience in entrepreneurship in their education processes. Keywords: Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Training
Markov Chains and an application on hotel businesses
Competition in the tourism sector is increasing day by day, and it is very important for hotel management to know the preference rates of hotels and the factors that affect the preferences, in terms of future marketing strategies. In this sense, determining the preference rates of hotels and their reasons is one of the issues that hotel managements prioritize strategically. The aim of this study is to determine the preference probabilities and the factors affecting preferences of 4 and 5-star hotels with beaches in Mersin province. Firstly, the data of the study were obtained from 410 randomly selected people. After the data were obtained, the study was divided into two parts. In the first part, the preference probabilities of the hotels for the next period and the preference rates of the hotels in the long term were estimated by using the Markov chain method. These estimates were based on considering the current hotel where the participants stayed or if any, the last hotel they stayed. In the second part of the study, the underlying reasons for hotel preferences were determined by using the Hidden Markov model. According to the empirical findings obtained from the first part of the study, the three most preferred hotels in the long term are Ulu Resort Hotel (5*), Liparis Resort Hotel & Spa (5*) and Wonasis Resort & Aqua Hotel (5*), respectively. According to the results of the analysis made in the second part, among the factors affecting the hotel preferences, it was observed that the most important factors affecting the hotel preferences are location, room and facility cleaning, availability of facilities for families with children, and the effectiveness of recommendations/advertisements. It is thought that the results obtained from the study will guide the marketing strategies of the hotels included in the study.