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Masculinities in Pat Barker's Regeneration Trilogy: Men's silences and violences
This thesis aims to analyse the critique of masculinity and the war employed in the contemporary British novelist Pat Barker's Regeneration Trilogy within the frame of Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities and, in particular, through the lens of Raewyn Connell's concept of "hegemonic masculinity". Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities investigate the questions of what masculinity is and how it is socially construed in diverse forms by drawing attention to men's unequal access to power. Particularly, Connell's concept of hegemonic masculinity helps to understand how a specific type of masculinity becomes culturally dominant and men feel the pressure to conform to its ideals. Written about the First World War and its impact on men's experiences of masculinity, Barker's Trilogy revolves around the images of shell-shocked, hysteric, paralyzed, mute, stammering men In this respect, each novel of the Trilogy provide a critical perspective to interrogate the construction of masculinities by looking at it from the aspect of those men who fail to live up to hegemonic ideals of masculinity, and who also have become victimized and exploited on account of the social pressures put on them in their attempts to conform to hegemonic ideals of masculinity. Therefore, this thesis aims to explore Barker's representation of men's attempts to negotiate with the forms of hegemonic masculinity in wartime Britain to expose how patriarchal power and gender order also damages men while it promises them to make the most benefit of it in Barker's selected texts with a specific emphasis on men's experience of silences and violences. Key Words: Pat Barker, Regeneration Trilogy, Hegemonic Masculinity, Masculinities, War Neurosis
Transcoding the postcolonial into film: Midnight's Children & The Buddha of Suburbia
Literature comprises unique and specific codes to reflect meaning and ideology. Postcolonialism makes use of concepts such as history, identity, hybridity, mimicry, and ambivalence, as codes to foster the understanding of the movement. Salman Rushdie and Hanif Kureishi are two prominent authors who portray postcolonial India and England in their novels. Rushdie in his novel Midnight's Children recreates history juxtaposing it with the personal history of the protagonist Saleem and employs various narration techniques and postcolonial imagery to picture India in colonial and postcolonial periods. Hanif Kureishi in his autobiographical novel The Buddha of Suburbia displays the racial and cultural situation of 1970s England via the postcolonial imagery he uses. A film adaptation is the transfer of a text into a film. Film adaptation studies are mostly based on the evaluation of fidelity however "transcoding" is the ideal term to understand the process of adaptation. Mise en scène, camera work, use of light and editing are the codes of film language that allow the viewers to decode the meaning. Both novels of Rushdie and Kureishi are adapted into films and this study aims to decipher the codes of postcolonialism to understand novels and visual codes of film to comprehend their film adaptations. This study endeavours to find out the extent of the adaptations in terms of reflecting postcolonial imagery. The aim of the present dissertation is to offer new insights into film adaptation analysis by deciphering the transcoded postcolonial meanings.
Öznellik ve liminalite temelinde antigone miti
What is described in this thesis is the myth of Antigone, which will always be rediscovered, and which defies centuries with its ability to constantly say something about it. According to Butler, this myth, about which a lot has been written, was a symbol of the feminine revolt against statism for feminist theorists like Irigaray, while it represented the transition from matriarchy to patriarchy for thinkers like Hegel. But somehow it continued to be a representation of the relationship between power, authority and women by different disciplines and thinkers from Lacan to Zizek. According to Zizek (2016), Lacan emphasizes that Antigone assumes the border position of the symbolic order against the kinship order and is a representation of reaching outside the order. There is, mainly, considerable literature on the myth of Antigone. But precisely for this reason, the reasons for the representation of Antigone that defy the centuries have been addressed here. In this study, while addressing the effects of myth on the collective consciousness, it is shown how the mythical thought is kept alive through rituals. The marginal position of Antigone, formed by the exclusion of Polynices from the death ritual by the power, is examined with the concept of liminality, which expresses a certain ritual order created by Van Gennep and developed by Turner. While the burgeoning process of the people on the threshold, which is likened to being in the womb by Turner, is explained under the concept of subjectivity, together with Kristeva's concepts such as chora, abject and poetic language, which will be understood in relation to each other, while using the concepts of thinkers such as Guattari and Levinas, how the subjectivity is pre-individual. It is shown that it can be constructed as a singularity in moments of crisis. Finally, it is discussed how Antigone, one of the founding myths of Western thought, was reconstructed in both the discursive and creative act of a woman writer, even after centuries. At this point, while Durkheim's concept of collective consciousness explains the situation, it is seen how Kristeva's concept of intertextuality affects the writer's collective consciousness in the literary dimension. Keywords: subjectivity, liminality, myth, rite, chora, abject, poetic language, collective consciousness, intertextuality.
Unveiling the fabulative art: Exploring english metaphysical detective fiction in Robert Irwin's the Arabian Nightmare and Lawrence Norfolk's Lemprière's Dictionary
In this dissertation, the role of fabulation, and more specifically the manifestation and influence of fabulation in metaphysical detective fiction, is intended to be explored and discussed meticulously within the selected novels of Robert Irwin's The Arabian Nightmare (1983), and Lawrence Norfolk's Lemprière's Dictionary (1991). Robert Irwin and Lawrence Norfolk, with their innovative writing style and various themes that touch upon the reality of life and existence, take a special place in postmodern English literature. Irwin and Norfolk's works not only "explore the possibilities of fiction, the kind of fiction that challenges the tradition that governs it" (Federman, 1975: 7) but also make great contributions to fabulation and metaphysical detective fiction with their mythical, magical, metafictional, and historical subjects. Their novels deconstruct and subvert what is assumed to be real and meaningful, drawing the characters and readers towards ontological inquiries, and, through the use of symbolic and allegorical language, they manifest an atmosphere of eerie and uncanny nihilism. Chapter One presents a detailed elucidation of fabulation theory and metaphysical detective fiction. The discussion is further developed by emphasizing the analogies between fabulation and metaphysical detective fiction. A thematic analysis is carried out in the second and third chapters, and the question of how one perceives and constructs reality within the books is attempted to be answered. Structural analysis has been conducted in the following subchapters of the second and third chapters to demonstrate Irwin and Norfolk's artistic abilities as fabulators. In light of these analyses, this dissertation suggests that Irwin and Norfolk, with their innovative and complex narration techniques, not only destabilize what is assumed to be real and meaningful to renovate our understanding of the world but also endeavour to make philosophical claims about the nature of existence and being. Key Words: Fabulation, Metaphysical Detective Fiction, Robert Irwin, Lawrence Norfolk, The Arabian Nightmare, Lemprière's Dictionary.
Neocolonial deterritorialization of Middle Easterners in Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Exit West and Nadeem Aslam's The Wasted Vigil and The Blind Man's Garden
Neocolonialism refers to the new exploitation methods performed by imperialists to maintain exploitation in Third World countries after the decolonization period. Having begun as the implementation of indirect methods through economic and logistic supports for the regimes controlled by the political Islam and fundamentalists in the Middle East during the Cold War, neocolonialism has transformed into an extreme form of exploitation through military invasions in the region after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The study argues that those policies have deterritorialized Middle Easterners through migrations and inland dislocations and offers discussions for associating their physical dislocations with the fluidity of identity. Utilizing Deleuze and Guattari's understanding of nomadic identity and defining those dislocations as neocolonial deterritorialization, the study explores the alterations Middle Easterners undergo due to their compulsion to directly experience the neocolonial spaces or the factors created by neocolonial policies. In this regard, this dissertation aims to analyse the deterritorializing impact of neocolonial policies through Mohsin Hamid's Exit West and The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Nadem Aslam's The Wasted Vigil and The Blind Man' Garden.
Estrangement and alienation of characters in John Banville's Kepler
Modernism and Postmodernism are considered interrelated literary movements; they neither oppose nor follow each other. John Banville's work, Kepler, can be defined as an example of postmodernism with its Historiographic Metafictional style. Banville feels the urge to capture the sensation of alienation that a scientist in the Middle Ages might have had toward his time, his surroundings, even his own family, and himself. Although the life of a medieval scientist is described as the subject, it is one of the topics of our day that the person becomes distant from himself and his environment, being alone and becoming alienated as a result. The author sheds light on today's society through the characters he brings to life by blending a modern problem with the past. By offering background information on Alienation, and estrangement Chapter One gives an insight into the concept of literature. The suffering of the characters under the roles assigned to them and the incompatibility in their relations with each other are mentioned in Chapter Two. The relationships between the characters, whether modern or not, have shaped human behavior, and with the effect of the conflicts in their inner world, the characters have become lonely, excluded, and lost their inner peace while searching for reality. This study aims to analyse Banville's Kepler to create a connection with the problem of alienation and estrangement of characters throughout the novel. Another issue that will be discussed in this thesis is whether the alienation felt by human beings in the society they live in, be it modern or not, exceeds the limits of time. This study puts forward that Banville's work reflects those individual thoughts that shape personality and alienation is a natural reaction to the environment and social conditions.
A jungian archetypal analysis of Earnest Cline's Ready Player One: Quest for the axis mundi
Literature serves as both a creative and expressive endeavour, generating works that not only hold aesthetic value but also reflect the multifaceted nature of societal existence. Archetypes, universally recognized patterns embedded in the collective human unconsciousness, take various forms in mythology, dreams, folklore and mostly in literary works. Ernest Cline's dystopian science fiction novel "Ready Player One" provides a vivid example of such archetypes, particularly a character vested with immense power who embarks on a transformative journey. In a challenging environment, this character evolves, gaining substantial self-assurance through a series of enlightening experiences. The novel introduces readers to a rich tapestry of mythological imagery and archetypes, navigating the concept of hyper-reality, a term initially coined by French philosopher Jean Baudrillard. Through a meticulous qualitative analysis, this research examines how Cline employs these elements to explore hyper-reality. The study argues that the increasing blurring of reality in postmodern societies triggers humanity's search for purpose and meaning symbolized through the quest for the "Axis Mundi" archetype that is described by Carl Gustav Jung. Additionally, this study incorporates insights from ludology—the study of games and play—as a supplementary framework. While not the primary methodological focus, this ludological perspective enriches the analysis and allows for an interdisciplinary approach, bridging the gap between literature and game studies.
I am the other; therefore I am not: Biopolitics of otherness in Ali Smith's Seasonal Quartet
In our biopolitical age, modern power, which Foucault refers to as biopolitical power, regulates and categorizes human life by degrading it into bodily existence and designating certain lives as life-worthy while excluding and letting subjects deemed undeserving die through various means. Like many contemporary novels, Ali Smith's Seasonal Quartet addresses the biopoliticization and marginalization of modern subjects through human landscapes from the recent past and post-Brexit Britain. Thus, this dissertation aims to explore biopolitical modernity and the biopolitical construction of otherness in Ali Smith's Seasonal Quartet in light of the theories of biopolitics advanced by Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Roberto Esposito and Judith Butler. This thesis not only discusses borderization portrayed through physical borders and cultural and psychological borders that shape mindsets but also analyses individuals' reduction into biological lives denied of political existence and the disintegration of society with an 'us versus them' mentality through bodies that do not adhere to normative identity definitions. Still, Smith's protagonists become the autonomous storytellers of their life stories, the power of their own lives and the coauthors of the quartet by recollecting, imagining, dreaming and telling stories against biopolitical power manifested through the all-seeing narrator and the governing power. Thus, by probing the political possibilities of literature and storying to confute the biopolitically constructed normality, Autumn, Winter, Spring and Summer suggest the possibility of a non-politicized, non-hierarchal and uncontrolled life by connecting with the Other and engaging with art, which, with its transformative, de-othering and unifying power, can reveal the human out of the political and construct the bond between the self and the other as a counter-discourse. Keywords: Biopolitics, Otherness, Seasonal Quartet, Ali Smith, Foucault.
Expression of epistemic modality in argumentative writing: A study based on learner corpora
This thesis investigates into how Turkish student writers employ epistemic modality devices in order to make argumentation in their writing. The research concentrates on understanding the ways in which the use of epistemic modality devices by Turkish student writers compare with the use of these same rhetorical features by American student writers in argumentative writing. The study also attempted to investigate how the degrees of epistemic strength differ (in terms of weak, medium and strong categories) between and among the student writers. With regard to the aims of this study, three sets of databases (one for the American students, the other two for the Turkish students) were analyzed in order to compare the epistemic modality features between and across the three groups of student writers in terms of frequency of use, diversity of use, grammatical categories of epistemic devices, co-occurrence patterns of notable epistemic devices and degrees of epistemic strength or commitment. The quantitative aspects of the study were mainly based on frequency counts of epistemic devices, Log-likelihood tests to determine significant differences of epistemic modality use between and across the three groups of student writers. The qualitative aspects relied mainly on a close examination of concordance lines to make comparisons between and across the three databases. Findings of the study revealed that the Turkish student writers are slightly more restricted in their choice of epistemic devices. It was found out that they use smaller set of epistemic devices than the American student writers do. Another striking finding is that this smaller set of epistemic devices is used with higher frequency compared with the American students. This is obvious especially in the case of epistemic lexical verbs, where the Turkish student writers rely frequently on the 'I think' expression. Concerning the distribution of epistemic devices across grammatical categories, it was observed that the Turkish student writers principally use lexical verbs and adverbs in their expression of epistemic modality, but the American student writers appear to prefer modal auxiliary verbs more frequently. The Turkish student writers' preferences of particular modal verbs are also different from those of the American student writers. The Turkish students use will in relatively higher frequencies than would, but the American students use would more frequently than will. Furthermore, the Turkish student writers prefer a more personal style of argumentation than the American student writers. In view of the high frequency of expressions such as I think (that) and the frequent use of of course and maybe, it might be assumed that the Turkish student writers exhibit a more personal and straightforward writing style. Another interesting finding concerns the use of epistemic adverbs 'perhaps' and 'certainly'. These adverbs are not detected in the AELT database by the Turkish student writers while they are frequently used by the American student writers in the US-ARG database. Lastly, it has been observed that the American student writers prefer to use more number of epistemic devices indicating medium and weak level of epistemic strength, while the Turkish students in both databases tend to prefer more number of epistemic devices expressing strong level of epistemic commitment. Keywords: Epistemic modality, Epistemic devices, Argumentative writing, Epistemic strength, Degrees of commitment/ strength
Edebi alımlamada mistisizm teması: Aldous Huxley'nin Time Must Have a Stop ve Peyami Safa'nın Matmazel Noraliya'nın Koltuğu romanlarının karşılaştırmalı analizi
Aldous Huxley?s Time Must Have a Stop, which was published in 1944, is the literary manifestation of his mysticism which is the last phase of his career. Likewise Peyami Safa?s Matmazel Noraliya?nın Koltuğu (Mademoiselle Noraliya?s Armchair) which was published in 1949 is the first novel of the writer which depicts his tendency to mysticism. Some phrases in Safa?s novel prove that he had read Huxley?s novel before ho wrote his novel. The aim of the present thesis is to reveal how Peyami Safa received Huxley?s novel and how he reflected the same theme in his novel.The first chapter consists of the theoretical background of the methodology upon which the hypotheses are founded. The reception theory of Constance School of which major exponents of the school are Hans Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser is described. Jauss?s ?horizon of expectations? and Iser?s ?implied reader? are the basic conceptions for the present thesis. Also it consists of description of the development of Turkish novel beginning from the second half of the nineteenth century till 1980 along with the writers? reception of European literary movements and main themes in this period as well as the historicity of the conception of mysticism beginning from the origin of the term until how it is perceived today.The second chapter consists of the comparison of Aldous Huxley?s Time Must Have a Stop and Peyami Safa?s Matmazel Noraliya?nın Koltuğu. The major aspects which constitute Safa?s reception of Huxley?s novel have been analysed. Main theses of both novels have been compared. Structural elements have been examined as well and in this respect the narration techniques of both novelists have been compared.In the conclusion part, using the reception theory of Constance school, how Safa employed and contextualised mysticism in Matmazel Noraliya?nın Koltuğu after his reading of Huxley?s Time Must Have a Stop has been revealed.
The tradition of magical realism in contemporary Turkish and English literature: A comparative analysis of ?Dear Shameless Death? By Latife Tekin and ?Nights at the Circus? By Angela Carter
In this study, the aspects of the literary genre ?Magical Realism? in both Turkish and English literature is researched and comparatively studied. The central part of the study is represented by two novels that exemplify English and Turkish literature and embodies the genre ?Magic (al) Realism.? One is ?Nights at the Circus? by British author Angela Carter and the other is ?Dear Shameless Death? by Turkish author Latife Tekin. Each work is analyzed in itself and then compared with the other in terms of their common aspects to define the implications of magical realism in Turkish and English literature. Some important common aspects analyzed in detail are; the status of women and existing relationships between women and men in society, the struggle to gain freedom and social acceptance and adaptation, use and abuse of women by men.
A comparison between hard-boiled detective fiction and postmodern detective fiction with references to The Maltese Falcon, The Big Sleep, and The New York Trilogy
The aim of this study is to compare hard-boiled detective fiction and postmodern detective fiction in a profound way, particularly to emphasize the importance of The New York Trilogy as a prominent example of postmodern detective fiction. In this respect, from its starting point preliminaries of detective genre are delineated with examples from its progenitors such as Edgar Allan Poe, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and Agatha Christie. Furthermore, the development of the genre through the historical process and variety of both detective prototype and the genre are summarized under main titles. Regarding postmodern or metaphysical or anti-detective fiction, Paul Auster?s trilogy puts forth the genre?s differences into consideration although it seems that postmodern detective fiction is a continuation of hard-boiled one at first glance. In other words, the trilogy deconstructs all pivotal characteristics of hard-boiled fiction with references to postmodern literary theory such as uncertainty, identity crisis, multiplicity, intertextuality, and urban life. Therefore, this study focuses on a transformation from hard-boiled detective fiction to postmodern detective fiction using examples from notable representatives of both genres like Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, and Paul Auster comparatively.Key Words: Detective Prototypes, Hard-Boiled Detective Fiction, Anti-Detective Fiction, Characteristics Of Postmodern Literary Theory.
The chronotope of London in Charles Dickens`novels
The scientific concern and the aim of the thesis constitute the study of the chronotope asa fictional element in general, and, in particular, the chronotope of city in the novels by CharlesDickens. Such a purpose requires the development of a solid theoretical basis concerning thenarrative and thematic implication of the time-space relationship in fiction, followed by thepractical applicability of the theory to the textual analysis of a number of Dickens? novels. Theimportance of the thesis is the creation of an original and new modality of approach to Dickens?novels through one principle of research and evaluation, which is the chronotope of city.Chronotope in general, defined by Bakhtin as the intrinsic connectedness of temporaland spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature, is applicable to theanalysis and interpretation of both the narrative structure of a novel and its range of motifs,themes, ideas, characters, images and other thematic elements. The importance of chronotopearises from its status as an element of narrative and thematic organization and analysis, havingits own process of development and its own typology in the literary text: the chronotope ofhome, the chronotope of road, the chronotope of city.The chronotope of city becomes a means of textual organization on both narrative andthematic levels. The chronotope of London in Dickens? work renders some of Dickens?sconcerns, such as the social background, moral values and the standards of living and theinfluence of the background on the individual.
English Bildungsroman in the first half of the 20th century
The present thesis, entitled English Bildungsroman in the 1st Half of the 20thCentury, has its starting point in our view of the Bildungsroman as an importantfictional tradition, whose thematic and narrative elements allow this type of novelto be considered a patterned literary system. In English literature theBildungsroman reached its consolidation and flourished as a fictional pattern inVictorian Age, in the realistic novels of the period, yet in the present thesis we haveattempted at revealing the 20th century connections of the pattern by focusing on anumber of novels by Joyce, Wells, and Lawrence.Chapter 1, entitled The Rise and Consolidation of the Bildungsroman inEnglish Literature, brings into discussion the general theoretical and criticalconsiderations of the Bildungsroman as the novel of character formation, itsdefinition, major thematic and structural characteristics, the Bildungsromandevelopment history, and the Victorian realistic Bildungsroman as the climax ofliterary development of this type of fiction in English literature.Chapter 2, entitled The Bildungsroman in the 20th Century EnglishLiterature, discloses firstly the status and characteristics of the Modernism andEnglish novel in the 1st half of the 20th century, as to concentrate eventually on anumber of representative 20th century English Bildungsromane, discussing Tono-Bungay as the formation of a scientist, Sons and Lovers and the psychologicalinsights into formation, and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man as theformation of the modern artist.
Ugliness beneath the beautiful face in the picture of Dorian Gray
UGLINESS BENEATH THE BEAUTIFUL FACEIN THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAYSabiha ELBEYLABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the character of Dorian Gray in Oscar Wilde?s novel The Pictureof Dorian Gray in the context of the concepts of art, beauty, and morality. This thesis viewsVictorian Era in which the novel is written and moral standarts of victorian people that referto that era. The focus of the thesis is to state the desire of Dorian Gray to be eternally youngwith his relation mostly to Lord Henry Wotton, and Basil Hallward. As a result of theserelationship, Dorian changes morally. It can also be seen as a good example of the movementof Art for Art Sake. While Dorian Gray is introduced innocent and pure at the beginning ofthe novel, he then plays the role of a bad person because of outer factors, and became acharacter of not thinking anything except art and youth. The most important factor is DorianGray?s friend Lord Henry Wotton. Dorian Gray is much influenced by the hedonistic opinionsof Lord Henry and the yellow book he has given. Although Dorian tries to escape LordHenry?s influence, he can not achieve and influences the lives of others around him. In spiteof Dorian Gray has free will, he can not use this power and kills himself. The most noticeablefeature of this novel is the negative side of beauty on Dorian Gray, and morality. He seeshimself the most beautiful of all and his confused character reflects his life.
Foreign influences on Turkish throughout history and the phonological and morphological analyses of English loanwords in Turkish
In this thesis, it is aimed at making a contribution to the highly discussed topic,loanwords. Taking the influences of intercultural relations on language into account, theforeign influences on Turkish throughout history and how they affect the language,especially the lexicon of language have been examined. English, being the language thatTurkish is borrowing a lot of words these days, has been chosen as the target language.The focus of this thesis is the phonological and morphological analyses of Englishloanwords in modern Turkish. For this analysis, the phonological and morphologicalcharacteristics of Turkish and English, which belong to two different language families,have been studied and to what extent the English loanwords conform to thephonological and morphological patterns of Turkish and in what way they influence thelinguistic aspects of Turkish have been examined.The 1st chapter of the present study introduces the terms borrowing andloanwords. The 2nd chapter, includes the historical development of Turkish languageand the foreign influences on the language throughout history. However, not all thecharacteristics of Turkish throughout history have been mentioned, but the chapter islimited with the foreign influences on Turkish, especially on its lexicon.In chapter 3, the method of the study has been described and the phonologicaland morphological features of English and Turkish have been set forth. Then, Englishloanwords found in Türkçe Sözlük, Türkçe?deki Yabancı Sözcükler Sözlüğü, YabancıKelimelere Karşılıklar and Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlüğü have been analyzedphonologically and morphologically and the changes have been illustrated.In the conclusion part, the results of the study have been evaluated. Based on theresults, it can be said that although English and Turkish belong to different family oflanguages, there is a close relationship between them due to some political, economic,cultural, commercial and military reasons. The results of these relations are evident inthe phonological and morphological system of Turkish. When the English loanwords inTurkish have been analyzed, it is seen that while some of these words are made toconform to the phonological and morphological patterns of Turkish, some adapt toEnglish language adopting its rules.
Atreus ailesi mitinin antik ve modern tiyatrodaki yeri
THE MYTH OF ATREUS FAMILY IN ANCIENT AND MODERN DRAMAZehra Ç ÇEKÇABSTRACTThe present thesis is a research on the myth of Atreus family regarded as aliterary tradition having a variety of textual representation in ancient and modern drama,namely Oresteia by Aeschylus, Electra by Sophocles, Electra by Euripides, MourningBecomes Electra by E. O?Neill, and The Flies by J.-P. Sartre. These plays are discussedas different ancient and modern versions of the myth of Atreus family on amethodological basis consisting of the theory of the ethno-religious myth, in general,and, in particular, the myth of Atreus family as literary myth. The essential referencepoints of our study constitute the theoretical and critical contributions of, among others,Brunel, Freidenberg, Frye, Eliade, Groden and Kreiswirth, and Priest. The principlesand methods of research applied in our study represent a combination of methodsconsidered according to the material under research: philological, comparative,typological, as well as a number of methods and principles related to myth-criticism,text analysis, intertextualism, thematology, and literary theory. The structure of thethesis corresponds to the proposed objectives and consists of an introductory section,followed by two chapters, each chapter comprising a number of subchapters, which arefollowed by a section of conclusions, representing our final reflections, and by thebibliography of literary texts and critical studies, and the index.
A comparative study of childhood in Golding's Lord of the Flies and Salinger's The Catcher In The Rye
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHILDHOODIN GOLDING?S LORD OF THE FLIES ANDSALINGER?S THE CATCHER IN THE RYE(Master?s Thesis)Işıl BOZKURTABSTRACTThe present thesis represents a comparative approach to childhood in Lordof the Flies by William Golding and The Catcher in the Rye by Jerome DavidSalinger. Chapter 1, entitled The Child and Childhood in Literature, brings intodiscussion the general theoretical and critical considerations of the myth ofchildhood and child motif as a literary pattern in general and, in particular, theaspects of its literary reflection in Anglo-American literature. Chapter 2, entitledThe Dual Representation of Childhood in Golding and Salinger, focuses on boththe destruction and the continuation of the myth of childhood, discusses Lord of theFlies which reveals the darkness of man?s heart and the end of the myth ofchildhood, and The Catcher in the Rye which preserves the myth of the childhoodexperience.The myth of childhood has been established as an important literarytradition in Western literature in general and in English literature in particular.The beginning and the consolidation of the writers? interest in the experience ofchildhood are to be found in the Romantic and the Victorian period. The interestin this subject had an important continuation in the 20th century literature as well,where, after World War II, Salinger preserved the idea of the naivety and thepurity of childhood, whereas Golding attempted to destroy the myth of childhoodby showing that the experience of the childhood period would reveal the darknessof man?s heart, the end of human innocence. Thus, both writers develop in literaryterms a dual vision of the child and childhood experience.
An analysis of Ian McEwan's The Child in Time, Tom McCarthy's Remainder and Julian Barnes' The Only Story as narratives of memory and melancholy
The concept of melancholy has been discussed, defined, and analyzed throughout history by philosophers, thinkers, and psychoanalysts. In Sigmund Freud's seminal essay titled "Mourning and Melancholia" (1917), melancholia is attached to the concept of loss, and gained a different layer when compared with how it was perceived and defined in the past. At this point, the presence of loss is provided and tested by memory. In this respect, melancholia became interrelated with memory. These two concepts carry various layers within, such as love, death, mourning and time, and including these layers in the analysis vastly contributes to the discussions of melancholy and memory. In the contemporary era, melancholy and memory occupy a significant place both in the contemporary condition of human beings and in the reflection of that condition in the literature of the era. Thus, melancholy and memory have been two of the main focuses of contemporary British fiction. This study will attempt to demonstrate the relationship between melancholy and memory in Ian McEwan's The Child in Time (1987), Tom McCarthy's Remainder (2005), and Julian Barnes' The Only Story (2018) respectively. With their distinct ways of representing melancholy and memory, novels that will be analyzed in this thesis shed different amount of light into different aspects of the concepts.
Virgina Woolf ve Arnold Bennett'in derlem dilbilim analizi: Dildeki cinsiyetçilik
ABSTRACT A CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS OF VIRGINIA WOOLF AND ARNOLD BENNETT: SEXISM IN LANGUAGE AYDINGULER, Zeynep M. A. Thesis, Department of English Language and Literature Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Meltem Muşlu June 2021, 103 pages Granger (2002) defines corpus linguistics as "a linguistic methodology founded on the use of electronic collections of naturally occurring texts, viz. corpora" (p. 4).Thanks to the advanced technology of today's world, corpus linguistics (CL) provides analysis of a great quantity of data not only in linguistic studies, but also in literature by uncovering meanings of literary texts that have not been discussed or detected before. It does not aim at consuming conventional theories in literature; vice versa, it validates literary theories by supporting those using empirical data. Moreover, in literature, CL is a useful analysis method to analyze sexist discourses as stated by Mills and Mullany (2011) "with corpus linguistics, we can develop a form of analysis of sexism to examine the way that emotive connotations accrue over time to words associated with women" (p. 24). As a complement of feminist stylistics theory, this study aimed at examining the discourses of Woolf and Bennett in terms of sexist language through a corpus-based analysis. Virginia Woolf's The Voyage Out (1915) Mrs. Dalloway (1925) To the Light House (1927) and Arnold Bennet's Anna of the Five Towns (1902), The Old Wives Tale (1908), Helen with the High Hand (1910) were used when creating the corpora. The concordances of the gendered binary oppositions: girl-boy, woman-man, lady-gentleman, male-female, spinster-bachelor, master-mistress and Mr. – Mrs. were mainly anaysed in terms of sexist language aspect and the results were evaluated in accordance with feminist literary criticism theories. Key words: Arnold Bennett, Virginia Woolf, Corpus Linguistics, Feminist Stylistics, Sexist Language
The representation of time and temporality in Ali Smith's seasonal quartet: Autumn, Winter, Spring, Summer
Along with the developments and transformations in technology, science and political balances, the perception of time in the narrative is also shaped. While a traditional time perception is dominant in classical narratives, this perception is broken with the emergence of modern time and leaves its place to a more depiction of temporality. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to scrutinize the perceptions of time and temporality in contemporary writer Ali Smith's Seasonal Quartet. The Scottish writer of the 21st century owns a distinctive style that appears to be instrumental in contextualizing the time. The Seasonal Quartet, named after one season published in succession consisting of Autumn (2016), Winter (2017), Spring (2019), and Summer (2020), makes time concretely central. In this regard, each instalment of the series will be interpreted in terms of Diachronic Temporality, Synchronic Temporality, and Cyclical Temporality. The first part will underline the timely feature of the novel and will discuss how and to what extent the author's understanding of diachronic temporality is placed on a visible ground in the novel. The second part will frame how the novels contain the synchronic perception of time and how the author instils this attitude into the novel with a unique approach. The final section will reveal the quartet`s cyclical time layer and tend to interpret the novelist's attitude towards art and the artist within this framework. Key Words: Ali Smith, Seasonal Quartet, Time, Temporality
The creation of art in Howard Barker's The Theatre of Catastrophe
Howard Barker, as a contemporary British dramatist and founder of The Wrestling School, has become an important but controversial figure in British theatre through his concept of the Theatre of Catastrophe and his distinctive, imaginative, non-didactic, and anti-realist plays in an experimental form. Barker differentiates between the theatre and the art of theatre and problematizes the issues of artistic imagination, aesthetic beauty, human creativity, and freedom of artistic expression in his plays whose main characters create art and rebel against their repressive societies. He puts an emphasis on the issues of death and creation of the tragic experience by reinventing tragedy as a contemporary form. The subject matters of his anti-cathartic and anti-mimetic tragedies are audacity, destruction, power relations, and human motivations. He is artistically interested in reappropriating plays of the past as his raw material by rejecting political, moral, and aesthetical concerns. The aim of this thesis is to examine how Barker's art of theatre is theorized and can be applied to Scenes from an Execution (1990) as a play highlighting artistic creation; (Uncle) Vanya (1991) as an adaptation being rewritten with a postmodernist approach and The Castle (1985) as a contemporary tragedy. These three plays portray how Barker's theory of theatre has shaped his plays as pieces of the art of theatre reflecting his vision of tragedy and postmodern theatre.
The narrative strategies and temporal experiments in Martin Amis's Time's Arrow And London Fields
In the realm of contemporary literature, the narrative landscape continues to evolve, giving rise to an amalgamation of forms that challenge traditional storytelling conventions. In this context, the works of acclaimed British novelist Martin Amis stand out for his idiosyncratic style, which might be aptly described as a hybrid form of postmodernism. Characterized by its skepticism towards grand narratives, self-reflexivity, and bold experimentation with form and language, Amis's writing transcends traditional boundaries and embraces the multifaceted nature of the postmodern aesthetic. In this context, with a focus on Amis's groundbreaking novels Time's Arrow (1991) and London Fields (1989), this thesis embarks on a compelling exploration of his narrative strategies and temporal experiments within the framework of his distinct hybrid postmodernism. Through the analysis of these techniques, the thesis aims to shed light on the innovative techniques used and their implications for narrative construction and the boundaries of storytelling.
The representation of pain and suffering in the war poems of Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon
The outbreak of the First World War has had a huge impact from 1914 to the present day, and since then the impacts of the war have been discussed and analyzed by historians, researchers, theorists, and thinkers throughout history. In particular, the physical and mental effects of the consequences of the First World War on humanity have been defined by the researchers. The war poems written during wartime can be considered historical research. In particular, the poems of Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon have come to the forefront from past to present. The poems of Owen and Sassoon have made a great contribution to British Literature and History in terms of expressing the realities of war as a literary work. Their poems carry the marks of the pain of everything lost in the war. The two prominent themes in the poetry of Owen and Sassoon are physical pain and mental pain, which would turn into suffering over time. Thus, physical and mental pain is reflected in the poems of Owen and Sassoon related to the sense of loss by impressing each other mutually. This study will attempt to enlighten how and in what ways the pain and suffering caused by the First World War affected the bodies and minds of the soldiers by analyzing selected poems of Owen and Sassoon.
The grotesque and dualities in the selected plays of Marina Carr
With the discovery of Bath of Titus in the 15th century, it was found essential frescoes on the walls, differed from the conventions in art and architecture of the time. The term grotesque was applied to them, and grotesque showed its effect in art and architecture of the time, then in literature as time passed. The form and position of the grotesque have changed over time because it has always been against the norm. The Irish theatre in the 1990s was deeply affected by political, social and economic problems as a result of Ireland's being an English colony for centuries and after all contemporary upheavals such as World War II. It witnessed the use of the grotesque as an experimental form of express in drama. Marina Carr, accepted as one of the pioneers, contributed a lot to the 1990s Irish theatre with changes she made in the content, form and use of language in her plays. In this study, Marina Carr's The Mai (1995) and By the Bog of Cats (1998) are examined under the grotesque theory. In Chapter I, The Mai is examined according to the grotesque theory of Geoffrey Galt Harpham and the abjection theory of Julia Kristeva. In Chapter II, By the Bog of Cats is discussed in the light of Mikhail Bakhtin's theories of grotesque and carnivalesque. The thesis aims to show that the grotesque is a pervasive feature in relation with dualities, content, form and use of language in the selected plays. Keywords: Marina Carr, The Mai, By the Bog of Cats, the grotesque, Irish theatre
Reconstruction of patriarchy through matriarchy: A critique of gendered power structures in Naomi Alderman's The Power
This thesis explores the power dynamics in Naomi Alderman's novel, The Power, built between genders following a power reversal from patriarchy to matriarchy due to women's sudden acquisition of electrical power. The shift in society favouring women is dealt with by focusing on women's representation in religion, the media, and politics. Michel Foucault's theories on power provide the infrastructure for discussing the nature of power throughout this thesis. Louis Althusser's framework of Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) and Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs) helps to describe how certain institutions in The Power perpetuate ideologies and shape matriarchal culture and politics. Kate Millett's ideas on gender and Judith Butler's views on the performativity of gender support the aim of this thesis to highlight the double standards and fragility of gender norms dictated by society. By examining the religious shift, this thesis explores how religion serves as both a tool of empowerment and a means of legitimizing new power structures by granting a superior position to the previously oppressed group. Similarly, the media's role is scrutinized for its pivotal function in shaping public perception and reinforcing the emerging matriarchy. Also, political changes, powerful women's ambitions and the strategic use of females' physical power further demonstrate the complexities of governance in a dystopia reversed in gender dominance. Although Alderman creates a feminist dystopia where women overpower men, she does not suggest that this world is better than the patriarchal one. The author mirrors the current situation of women being oppressed by patriarchy by shifting the receivers of violence and oppression from women to men in her novel. By showing that merely changing the holders of power only perpetuates the cycle of oppression, Alderman reveals the inherent problems with the notion of power.
An action research study an emotional literacy improvement programme for EFL teachers in the view of humanistic approach
If the contribution of the quality, commitment and expertise of a teacher is considered in relation to the success of any educational process, it can be concluded that, in-service teacher development plays its key role in terms of enhancing the teaching quality. However, the educational systems all over the world have been undergoing profound changes bringing about new tasks and challenges for schools, teachers, and administrators. Consequently, there is an increasing need for improving the teachers' competencies along with the changing role of schooling influence and correspondingly, determining the contents of the in-service programmes. The primary aim of this action research study is to develop in the researcher an understanding of how to design and conduct emotional literacy improvement courses for teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL) for future use. As a secondary aim, the participant teachers of this study are expected to raise their awareness on the emotional basis of learning in self and in others and accordingly identify behaviours that will result from learning about emotional intelligence. Thus, in this study we hope to determine a framework of a teacher development programme within which the teachers at YADIM/ Çukurova University, Turkey improve their emotional literacy with its underlying skills, traits and behaviours and/or feel the need to consider these constructs both in their classroom settings and in their personal lives as human beings. The assessment of the effects of this study can be interpreted in terms of change in participant teachers. However, this study aimed to combine professional development r£S^AS¥<* m***as a form of in-service teacher development and maturation of the framework of an emotional literacy improvement programme for EFL teachers for future use. Seventeen volunteer participant teachers who teach at YADIM, Çukurova University (seven teachers in the piloting and ten teachers in the main study) participated in the Emotional Literacy Improvement (ELI) Programme since the programme aimed to integrate both the teachers' immediate needs and the requirements of the study. Therefore, regarding the design of the study, the frame of reference of this study is mainly related to the tools of data collection, particularly EQ Map-An Integrated EQ Assessment and Individual Profile, Version 4.5, EQ Map Interpretation Guide, The EQ Map Scoring Grid, EQ Map Results Evaluation Document, All about me Participant Profile Checklist, researcher's footnotes, researcher's diary, participant teachers' learning logs and Course Evaluation Questionnaire. These instruments are chosen to be employed due to the fact that their rationale is based on both the theoretical and the methodological framework of this study.Key Words: Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Literacy, Personal Development, Professional Development, Humanistic Approach
The Use of rubric to develop essay-writing skills of EFL learners
VI ABSTRACT THE USE OF RUBRIC TO DEVELOP ESSAY-WRITING SKILLS OF EFL LEARNERS Ayşe KIZILDA? Master Thesis, English Language Teaching Department Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Sema TUNCEL June 2002, 92 pages The aim of the present study is to help the students of ELT Departments to improve their essay-writing skills. For this purpose, one group of ELT freshmen was formed to utilize rubric as an instructional tool to guide them during the essay writing process. They had taken one pre-test, one post-test, and one follow-up test. Between pre-test and post-test, the students had completed four essay tasks on different writing structures (descriptive essay, narrative essay, cause & effect essay, and argumentative essay). The data derived from these tasks and tests were compared and/or contrasted whether there had been any change. Moreover, during the essay task, the learners were conferenced and given a questionnaire in order to get qualitative data. The results have positive tendency showing that the group of students in this study benefited using rubric to develop their essay-writing skills. In Chapterl, after giving a brief background to the study and presenting the problems related to essay-writing in general, the aim and scope of the study are clarified. Then, research question and hypotheses are stated.vu In Chapter 2, we have divided the literature review into two. The first part works with the background of teaching writing since 1800s and the theory of the present study. Consequently, the second part explains the studies conducted previously in the scope of this thesis. In Chapter 3, the methodological information such as subjects, the study design, and instrumentation is explained in detail. The data analysis and results are given in Chapter 4. Finally, the summary of the study, the general conclusions that can be interpreted from study results and suggestions for other researchers are argued in Chapter 5. In the conclusion part the implications of this study for ELT context is explained. Key Words: Rubric, essay-writing, instructional tool.
An investigation into the role of interactive vocabulary instruction on learners' vocabulary knowledge
ABSTRACTAN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ROLE OF INTERACTIVE VOCABULARYINSTRUCTION ON LEARNERS? VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGEEv en ÜNALMA Thesis, English Language Teaching DepartmentAdvisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Rana YILDIRIMSeptember 2006, 80 pagesThis specific study concerns itself with the teaching and learning of non-technical vocabulary items in English to Turkish intermediate level EFL studentsthrough interactive vocabulary instruction. In this respect, our study tries to find out theanswers to the following questions:- Will there be a progress in the experimental group?s vocabulary knowledgewho learn vocabulary through interactive vocabulary instruction?- Will there be a progress in the control group?s vocabulary knowledge wholearn vocabulary through traditional definition-based vocabulary instruction?- Will there be a change in the experimental group?s attitudes to vocabularylearning and vocabulary learning activities after they are exposed to interactivevocabulary instruction?The purpose of the thesis is to give some answers to these questions within anexperimental type of study. This study comprised two different groups: One was theexperimental and the other was the control group chosen from Ça College. Theexperimental group was exposed to interactive vocabulary instruction. On the otherhand, the control group focused traditional definition-based vocabulary teaching. After atreatment period, the control and experimental groups? performance was analyzedaccording to pretest and posttest data. Our posttest analysis indicated that there was astatistically difference between our control and the experimental groups. Basically, theexperimental group?s scores were statistically more significant than the control group.In other words, the findings indicated that the interactive vocabulary instruction can beutilized as an effective vocabulary teaching method in language learning classrooms.Key words: Interactive vocabulary instruction, Keyword method, Treshold level.
Markedness differential hypothesis and the phonological errors of Turkish EFL learners
Students of English Language Teaching (ELT) departments in Turkeyexperience difficulties in terms of accuracy in pronunciation. As prospective Englishlanguage teachers, it is essential for the students of ELT Departments to have accuratepronunciation so that they will teach English sounds correctly when they becometeachers. Therefore, the goal of this study is to enable prospective teachers to overcomethe difficulties they encounter in English pronunciation. For that reason, the main focusof the study has been the phonological errors of student teachers. The errors that wereidentified have been analyzed in relation to Eckman?s ?the Markedness DifferentialHypothesis?, since the notion of markedness is a determining factor for the level ofdifficulty in pronunciation.The participants of this study are the sophomore students at Cukurova UniversityELT Department. Treatment and Control Groups, each consisting of 26 students, havebeen formed. After the application of the Pre-test, the errors have been identified and atreatment designed to deal with those errors have been given to the ExperimentalGroup. The syllabus of the treatment included an extensive error analysis and a detailedcomparison of English and Turkish phonological structures. Following the completionof the treatment, a Post-test has been conducted. Both Groups have been compared bymeans of statistical analysis so as to observe if there is any significant difference interms of improvement in pronunciation.The results have shown that markedness alone does not have a determiningeffect on the level of difficulty in pronunciation. In addition, the environment in which asound is used plays an important role. Thus, the term environmental markedness needsto be emphasized. Fossilized incorrectly learned forms, the effect of native language,and the orthography have been observed as the other factors that cause difficulties inpronunciation.
The analysis of Matthew Kneale's Sweet Thames and Peter Ackroyd's Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem as Neo-Victorian novels
Neo-Victorianism is a contemporary field of study in fictional works providing a look at the Victorian era and the nineteenth century. With the rise of neo-Victorian novels in literary fields, the contemporary authors possess opportunities to look back at Victorian history grasping the peculiarities of the era. In their works, contemporary authors portray the Victorian era with a renewed version of the past. Being aware of similarities and differences between the Victorian and contemporary times, these authors provide a critical view of history under the light of neo-Victorianism. The works produced within neo-Victorian theory lead to the recreation of the Victorian era through the perspective of contemporary periods. Such a reestablishment is produced by intermingling the past and present, which is portrayed through various subjects. Among these, the concept of mystery holds a prominence because this concept contributes to the improvement of neo-Victorian fiction. Also contributing to the popularisation of novels, mystery notion is a useful tool to uncover the parallelisms between neo-Victorian novels and various forms of mystery. In this respect, Matthew Kneale's Sweet Thames (1992) and Peter Ackroyd's Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem (1994) are significant novels that demonstrate the associations between the concept of mystery and neo-Victorianism contextually and technically. This thesis will essentially discuss the concept of mystery under the light of neo-Victorian fiction through discussions on history, authenticity, narration and mystery in Matthew Kneale's Sweet Thames (1992) and Peter Ackroyd's Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem (1994) novels.
Self-composing women: The kenotic representations of the liberated female characters in Fowles', Mcewan's, and Acroyd's selected postmodern novels
This thesis explores the liberation of female characters in postmodern British fiction, focusing on their detachment from their authors and transcendence beyond traditional narrative structures. Throughout history, women have been subordinated, and literature has long been a field dominated by male voices. However, the postmodern perspective has introduced a more equitable approach to literature. This research aims to examine how the representation of women in literary fiction has evolved by analyzing the depictions of female characters in the works of postmodern male writers. This study explores how postmodernism challenges traditional gender roles and provides a platform for more diverse and complex portrayals of women. The importance of my research is to examine how the new writing and expression techniques developed with kenotic postmodern authors affect the representations of female characters in post-modern British literature and how this innovation finds a literary response. During the completion of the thesis, the relevant theories of specific theorists such as Mikhail Bakhtin and Judith Butler are investigated, and a comprehensive survey is made in this field. This thesis is divided into several key chapters: an introduction to the study and its theoretical framework, an exploration of kenotic authorship, a discussion of postmodernism and its impact on gender representation, and performativity. The findings reveal that postmodern male authors challenge traditional gender roles through narrative innovation, allowing female characters to achieve greater autonomy and complexity. By incorporating concepts such as kenosis, dialogism, polyphony, heteroglossia, carnivalesque, and performativity, these authors create female representations that transcend patriarchal constraints, presenting women as active agents in the construction of their identities. Ultimately, the research demonstrates how postmodern literature redefines gender roles and gives voice to marginalized characters.
Blurring the boundaries between human and nonhuman beings in the posthuman universe of Star Wars
Humans started to be seen as the most central figures in the universe after the Renaissance period. With the advancements in technology, science, and art, humanity gradually noticed that they could dominate life and shape the world according to their needs and desires. Humans began to think that they were the most unique and powerful beings that were capable of everything through their knowledge and innovations. This movement in history is called humanism, which brings humans to the center as the most valuable and significant beings among species. The anthropocentric view of humanism causes an exclusionary approach toward all nonhuman beings. Yet, due to the rising ecological awareness after the 1950s, people increasingly valued nonhuman living beings in nature. Additionally, the technological developments in those years led to the rise of interest in futuristic concepts such as robots and cyborgs. These science fiction concepts heavily challenged the traditional norms and boundaries of the human in the humanist movement. These alterations in the perception of humanity triggered the emergence of posthumanism as a critical theory in the 1980s and 1990s. Posthumanism aimed to criticize classical humanism's anthropocentric attitude toward the nonhuman and the human's centrality, agency, and uniqueness in the world. Some works already possessed a posthumanist point of view in science fiction cinema. One of these examples is the Star Wars film series created by George Lucas in 1977. The films in this series have posthumanist themes, topics and concepts that question what it means to be a human. The universe of Star Wars includes myriad nonhuman beings such as aliens, cyborgs, clones and droids (robots in the Star Wars series). Both human and nonhuman beings can co-exist, co-evolve and collaborate despite their different characteristics. In this regard, the film series advocates an egalitarian and embracive manner toward all types of entities in the universe. Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate the boundaries between humans and aliens, as well as humans and machines, in the posthuman universe of Star Wars by using selected films from the series with a posthumanist stance.
Application of Joseph Campbell's Hero's Journey on Michael Moorcock's Elric of Melnibone and Kentaro Miura's Berserk as examples of dark fantasy and anti-hero archetype
Heroes are common in literature and other media forms. Heroes have a long history from early classical texts to modern stories, and they appear in various forms and genres in traditional texts. Such examples as: Homer's Iliad, Geofrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, J.K Rowling's Harry Potter series and J.R.R Tolkien's The Hobbit can be considered as traditional text. However, there are texts that are dissimilar than traditional story structures. As there are non-standard story structures, there are also heroes that do not fit into the hero archetype. The non-standards in this sense are the Dark Fantasy sub-genre and the Anti-hero archetype. Both are quite different when compared to traditional hero archetypes and fantasy genre. However, there are questions regarding these topics about the difference from standard structure and their portrayal in popular narratives. Regarding these topic questions, texts like Michael Moorcock's Elric of Melnibone and Berserk are good examples of the Dark Fantasy sub-genre and show remarkable Anti-hero characters. Both texts are beloved by fans in popular culture yet are not discussed or represented in academic studies. The purpose of this thesis is to study and discuss the qualities of the Dark Fantasy sub-genre and Anti-hero archetype in these selected popular texts. For this analysis, Joseph Campbell's Hero's Journey is going to be used and through this method the qualities regarding Dark Fantasy and Anti-heroes will be discussed.
Voices in the void: Meaninglessness and disconnection in Anthony Neilson's theatre
This study examines the plays The Wonderful World of Dissocia and Realism by contemporary British playwright Anthony Neilson within the context of the Theatre of the Absurd. Although Neilson is not traditionally classified as an absurdist writer, many fundamental features of the genre appear in his works. These include structural fragmentation, cyclical dialogues, abrupt scene transitions, repetition, silence, miscommunication, alienation, meaninglessness, and existential uncertainty. Neilson's characters struggle to navigate a reality surrounded by absurdity. Although they search for a meaningful life, the systems they inhabit frequently limit this search. This limitation demonstrates the core idea of the Theatre of the Absurd: the futility of seeking meaning. The scenes in Neilson's plays contain surreal, dreamlike, or grotesque elements. However, this is not an aesthetic choice; it also reveals Neilson's attempt to portray the psychological collapse and identity crisis of the modern individual. The plays deal with themes such as mental health issues, social isolation, and the oppressive nature of modern systems. Through his language and stylistic choices, Neilson demonstrates how absurd theatre has evolved into new forms in the contemporary British literature. This study analyses The Wonderful World of Dissocia and Realism in light of Martin Esslin's theory of the absurd and the historical development of British theatre. It also evaluates the reflection of the social transformation of Neilson's age in his works. As a result, the study identifies the absurdist elements within Neilson's plays. Keywords: Theatre of the Absurd, Anthony Neilson, Meaninglessness, Alienation, Engagement
Gothic literature evolves into posthumanism: Jeanette Winterson'sFrankissstein as a 21st century rewriting of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
Jeanette Winterson's Frankissstein: A Love Story is a posthumanist reimagining of Mary Shelley's iconic novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. This adaptation is not merely a thematic update, but rather a contemporary literary reconstruction that redefines the concepts of the human, the body, and the mind. The gothic sci-fi masterpiece of Shelley is given a lead to get a place in the twenty-first century surrounded by artificial intelligence and high technology. Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus, which is a gothic masterpiece of Shelley, can be evaluated to be a step from a gothic novel to a posthuman perspective since it scrutinizes the representation of the human and the monster just like Frankissstein: A Love Story demonstrates the representation of the human and artificial intelligence. In order to understand the connection between gothic and posthumanism, Humanism and Transhumanism must be known with their basic definitions. Frankissstein: A Love Story is a re-written version of Shelley's Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus and it springs up to present day to hold out a posthuman environment focusing on the relationship of human beings with hybrid robots and non-biological creatures. Both of the novels question the ascendency of humans against other forms of nature through the main characters as well as their ultimate desire for creation and transformation. Dr. Frankenstein creates a living being, which becomes a reason of fear for him and Victor Stein fictionalizes a cybernetic life dimension by creating robots. Winterson's novel variegates the posthuman environment by presenting the transgender Dr. Ry falling in love with Victor Stein who dignifies cyber practices as a living. Jeanette Winterson connects the first gothic science-fiction novel Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus with the future of humanity by recreating the same idea of transforming in a different perspective. This thesis investigates the transformation of gothic literature into the realm of posthumanism, focusing on the transition from Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus to Jeanette Winterson's Frankissstein: A Love Story. Throughout the thesis, these two novels will be compared and contrasted in the frame of gothic and posthuman discourse.
Performativity of sexuality and gender in Sarah Waters' Tipping The Velvet and Michel Faber's The Crimson Petal And The White
In her book Gender Trouble, Judith Butler coins gender performativity as a concept, and describes it as the result of repetitive acts that establish a supposed true gender. Since gender is fluid and cannot be determined or defined according to one's sex, gender is considered to be performatively produced. Hence, there is no gender, but it is only produced by means of some performative acts that are regularized by gender coherence. The repetition of certain acts brings about labeling the identity as either a "he" or a "she," which leads to formation of heterosexual identities. This repetition of performative acts suggests the fluidity of sexuality, and indicates that there is no sexuality before actions. As a result, performativity of gender and sexuality challenges heteronormativity and lays bare the constructed nature of heteropatriarchal norms. As such, this thesis analyzes Sarah Waters' Tipping the Velvet and Michel Faber's Crimson Petal and the White to illustrate two different examples of the use of performativity in a NeoVictorian context. It aims to reveal the fluidity of gender and sexuality by the unconventional characters in a "queer" framework. As a result, it examines how the idea of performativity of gender and sexuality contributed to protagonists' flee from heteropatriarchal norms towards their self-realizations.
A quest for feminine identity in Timberlake Wertenbaker's plays: New Anatomies and The Grace of Mary Traverse
Women have been in the centre of many discussions especially since the seventeenth century as they start to search for ways to get rid of the oppression and restriction which they have been exposed to because of the socially constructed female roles in the patriarchal societies. While the first part of this thesis is conducted with the historical development of the feminist movement that has had different targets and discussions at different periods, in the second part the playwright and her two plays are analyzed in the framework of feminist debates and identity question. This study aims to scrutinize the main female characters in Timberlake Wertenbaker's New Anatomies and the Grace of Mary Traverse who traverse the boundaries of their stereotypical female identities and embark on quest of identity which is free from the restrictions. As this study shows, unless the patriarchal social construction changes, it is not possible to change the stereotypical female identity. Keywords: Feminism, Theatre, Timberlake Wertenbaker, Identity, Woman, Stereotype
An ecofeminist reading of Herland, The Edible Woman and Woman On The Edge Of Time
With the rise of industry, environmental crisis, animal issues and natural concerns have been discussed globally and have been widely represented in literary works in recent years. The ecological movements in 1960s, which were organized against the environmental deterioration, developed with the Second wave feminism and led to the creation of many literary works taking the concern for women and nature as their central issues. The emergence of ecofeminist thought and ecofeminist theory coincides with that time. Ecofeminism relates the domination of women to domination of natue. Therefore, it makes a critique of the patriarchal system through a concern for women and nature. This study, consisting of four chapters, aims to discuss the concept of nature in relation with feminism in Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Edible Woman by Margaret Atwood and Woman on the Edge of Time by Marge Piercy, which were written at different times. The aim of the analysis is to discover how ecofeminist themes like the subjugation of nature and nonhuman animals and oppression of women, marginalized people and "others" are represented in the selected novels. As a consequence, it is thought to be relevant to read these three novels through the ecofeminist theory to understand the concepts of ecofeminist thought.
Conflicts and betrayals in a panoptic world as a Foucauldian power in David Mamet's Glengarry Glen Ross and Joe Orton's The Good and Faithful Servant
The Panopticon is a design for a prison that aimed to gain control over inmates by its sheer architecture, designed by 18th century architect and thinker Jeremy Bentham. Foucault took this architectural idea and applied it as a social and cultural idea, enabling that the panopticist structure can be used in other concepts as well. Thus this study has aimed to search for the idea of panopticism in literary texts. American playwright and screenplay writer David Mamet's Glengarry Glen Ross and British playwright Joe Orton's The Good and Faithful Servant were analysed for this purpose. Although these two plays take place in different cultures and 20 years apart, we still see the same idea of panopticism, representing the capitalistic social system that indirectly forces individuals to appease their personalities in order to comply with the company. This thesis will thus take a closer look at the different perspectives these writers propose to the same issue, due to differences in setting, under a panopticist light. This will of course require analysing Foucault's idea of panopticism and how his idea and the writers' point of views are different on it. Keywords: Joe Orton, David Mamet, Foucault, Panopticism, Power
Ecocriticism in romantik poetry
This study aims to discuss the nature concept found in the English Romantic period poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge in their ecocritical dimensions. The messages given in these poems will be detected which are observed to be in accordance with ecocritical theory because of the ecological consciousness they present, so as to demonstrate the fact that these poets had already done the same thing which today's ecocritical theoriticians try to do, two centuries earlier. The study is consisted of three chapters and the introduction and conclusion parts. In the first chapter, the emergence, development and the tenets of ecocriticism are explained and the relationship between the ecological consciousness and the concept of ethics is argued. In the second chapter, the changes that the society went through during the Industrial Revolution process are demonstrated and general information about Romantic poetry is given. Finally, in the last chapter, the handling of the concept of nature in poems of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are scrutinized and their relations to ecocritical principles are demonstrated.
Postmodern characterization in contemporary British novel as reflected in D. M. Thomas's The White Hotel and John Fowles's Mantissa
The concept of character is quite a problematic term in postmodern fiction since postmodern texts overtly subvert and transgress the conventions of characterization of the novels of previous ages. In relation to the paradoxical and ambiguous nature of postmodernism, character undergoes a radical transformation in postmodern fiction, and it cannot be pinned down with regards to the conventions of characterization. The character in postmodern fiction becomes a site where the text reverberates the epistemological and ontological concerns postmodernism rests upon. Thus, postmodern problematization of such contentious concepts as self, identity, essence, history writing, fiction, and fact is carried out and presented through postmodern characterization in the novel genre. As such, this thesis analyzes D M. Thomas's The White Hotel and John Fowles's Mantissa to lay bare how postmodern fiction employs characterization. It aims to exemplify how postmodern fiction is deprived of characters in the conventional sense. As a result, this thesis examines how postmodern character is utilized in the employ of postmodern themes and techniques, and it shows how postmodern fiction establishes its own conventions of characterization. Keywords: postmodernism, postmodern fiction, postmodern character, D.M. Thomas, John Fowles, The White Hotel, Mantissa.
Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of polyphony and the polyphonic novel as reflected in J.M. Coetzee's Summertime and Diary of a Bad Year
This study aims to scrutinize J.M. Coetzee's Summertime and Diary of a Bad Year, which were published in 2000s following Coetzee's relocation in Australia, in terms of the concept of polyphonic novel. Mikhail Bakhtin defines the concept of polyphony in his theoretical studies. The concept of polyphony, by destroying the superiority of the ultimate authorial voice, includes multiple voices, and enables each voice to speak, and Bakhtin bases his studies of polyphony on Dostoevsky and his novels. Bakhtin argues that Dostoevsky has been the first author who involves the concept of polyphony into his novels and who creates polyphonic works. Polyphony disregards the perception of 'the author's voice as ultimate and unique,' and provides all the characters with the freedom to speak their own ideas without the intrusion of authoritative voice. In a polyphonic novel, the characters are in continuous dialogical relations, and the novel has an open-ended plot. This open-ended closure of the novel makes it impossible to have an ultimate judgment/interpretation about the novel and it enables each reader to perceive the novel by filtering it through his/her own ideology and perception. This thesis also explores how Coetzee embodies polyphony in his own unique way in his two novels, Summertime and Diary of a Bad Year. Keywords: Polyphony, Polyphonic Novel, Mikhail Bakhtin, Fyodor Dostoevsky, J.M. Coetzee
Appropriation of science fiction elements in postmodern fiction as reflected in Angela Carter's the Passion of New Eve and Jeanette Winterson's The Stone Gods
There has been an interaction between postmodern fiction and science fiction since the emergence of postmodern tendencies in literature. Postmodern authors' willingness to incorporate elements from science fiction differentiates them from their Victorian realist and modernist predecessors, who did not include science fiction tropes and motifs in their novels. The shift from indifference to interest towards science fiction in British literature requires a thorough analysis. As such, this thesis first gives information about the histories and definitions of postmodernism and science fiction, and then investigates the exchanges between postmodern fiction and science fiction by making references to the studies of scholars and critics who also focus on this subject. As examples of the appropriation of science fiction elements in postmodern fiction, this thesis analyzes Angela Carter's The Passion of New Eve and Jeanette Winterson's The Stone Gods. It examines the employment of spatiotemporal science fiction motifs such as future-world, (post)apocalypse, space travel, and various science-fictional technologies in both novels. Ultimately, it argues that science fiction elements are appropriated in The Passion of New Eve and The Stone Gods because they provide the best means for making postmodern interrogations of time-space, progress metanarratives, social norms, and traditional dichotomies. Key words: postmodernism, postmodern novel, science fiction, Angela Carter, Jeanette Winterson, The Passion of New Eve, The Stone Gods
Virginia Woolf and the great war:Cchange and disillusionment in a modernist perspective
Having made invaluable contributions to the artistic circles of her time, Virginia Woolf has been regarded as one of the most prominent modernists of the 20th century. Considering that her first modernist novel (Jacob's Room) is published in 1914, her work was inevitably written under the influence of the Great War conducing a sense of change and disillusionment which became an inextricable part of the modernist perspective. As such, this thesis study aims to analyze the essence of the Great War, the sense of change and disillusionment as modernist elements within Virginia Woolf's Jacob's Room, Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse. To this end, the link between the Great War and modernist novel is examined through the concepts of change and disillusionment within each novel. Keywords: Modernism, change, disillusionment, the Great War, Virginia Woolf, Jacob's Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse.
Analysing the master and servant dialectic in Charles Dickens' the Pickwick Papers and Little Dorrit
The Victorian Age (1837-1901) is the period in which Britain witnesses such contradictory novelties as the economic and industrial development of the country, the conversion of the country to the empire, and a strict class division between the middle class and the working class. All these changes find a place in the works of British authors, especially in the works of Charles Dickens (1812-1870), one of the most prominent writers of the Victorian Age. In his works, particularly in The Pickwick Papers (1836-7) and Little Dorrit (1855-7), the class division becomes a big part of fiction. In both of these works, Dickens reflects the lives of the characters in terms of the master and the servant relationship. The aim of this thesis is to analyse Dickens' two novels in the light of Hegel's Master and Servant Dialectic. This dialectic has two distinct manifestations in these novels: the mutual recognition of the master and the servant in The Pickwick Papers and the dual role of the master in Little Dorrit. In order to do so, a panorama of Victorian Britain in the 1830s and the 1850s is given so that the effect of the different time-spaces of the novels could be better understood. This thesis concludes that Charles Dickens portrays and represents Hegelian Master and Servant Dialectic in The Pickwick Papers and Little Dorrit and argues that these portrayals are different from one another. Keywords: Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers, Little Dorrit, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Industrial Revolution, Victorian England, Master and Servant Dialectic.
Changing time concept and time-man relationship in modernist works: Yeat's short fiction
This thesis aims at studying the parallelism between William Butler Yeat?s fictional stories, ?Rosa Alchemica? and ?Red Hanrahan? and the dislocations lived in the flow of time. In this context, along with the fictional stories, how modernist works relate to gaps lived in time has been the basis of this thesis. The thesis consists of five basic chapters with the introduction and conclusion part.
Trauma, madness and hysteria attributed to female characters in gothic fiction: Ann Radcliffe and Bronte Sisters
This study aims to explore and discuss, through the novels, Radcliffe?s The Mysteries of Udolpho and The Romance of The Forest; Emily Bronte?s Wuthering Heights and Charlotte Bronte?s Jane Eyre the fact that almost every woman character in Gothic fiction is threatened by a powerful, provocative and bullying male character and that she continually fears and wonders, and that all of these negative representations are the result of the dominant ideology on women of the time.In Gothic fiction, the characters are produced in an atmosphere of mystery and curiosity as the extraordinary and unexplained events constitute the theme. However, there is a big difference between male and female characters? presentations in Gothic fiction. While one or more male characters hold the power in the first rank as a father of a young girl or the protector of an orphan girl throughout the novel, they demand things from women that they can not accept. In these novels, the female characters should face the events that frighten them, make them fainted and burst into tears. The lonesome, thoughtful and the oppressed woman becomes the center of the novel. The Gothic works produced by both males and females create similar types of women characters. When the background sociological and communal facts are the same it is an expected outcome and the contributors to this result are the English and American medical men and clergymen with their increasing influence towards the established Victorian rules. This is the same both in the Gothic works produced by men and in the Female Gothic. The dominant patriarchal society of the age believed that the biological features determine the place of women in the society and it confined women into fertility and within the walls of the home. Women?s reproductory system is considered the determining factor of her in the society. The doctors and mothers of the period preached the daughters that the moment they leave their natural duties such as womanhood and motherhood, their lives would be destroyed. As a consequence, while motherhood, obedience, respect and submissiveness were exalted, the demand for education, the attempt to become a writer and the idea of birth control for women were accepted as the most evil sins that would destroy both women and the whole society. In turn, hysteria, madness and trauma became the most prevalent diseases for the women.Having discussed all these prevalent factors, the scope of this study covers displaying women?s very frequently encountered hysteria, trauma and madness in the chosen Gothic fictions namely with references to Radcliffe?s Emily and Adeline, Bronte sisters?, Catherine, Bertha and Jane characters.
Poverty and child abuse in Charles Dickens's novels: Oliver Twist, Hard Times, and David Copperfield
The Industrial Revolution had a great impact in the nineteenth century England. It changed various things in the country, especially the living and working conditions of its people. It was an advantage for the economy in Victorian England as there was a progress in the production due to the free market economy. The level of inequality between the classes increased. While the wealthy became wealthier as a consequence of the progress in the production, the condition of the poor worsened. It was the time for mechanical trade in factories. The working-class was trying hard to get used to the long and tiring working hours. Although they worked so hard, they could not earn enough to make their living. As a result of this, the children of the poor, no matter how young they were, had to work for long hours too, to earn only a few shillings. The child labour increased consequently because they were in need. Cheap labor was something that the industrialists could not refuse. Child abuse was not only in factories but it was also in most of the schools in that period. Some children suffered from the dominance of factory owners while the others suffered from the discipline of the educators who abused their power on the children. Charles Dickens, in Oliver Twist, Hard Times, and David Copperfield, reflects the bad conditions of the working-class and child abuse in this period. The aim of this thesis is to analyze Dickens?s three novels in the light of Marxist criticism and New Historicism.Key words: Poverty, Child abuse, Industrial Revolution, Oppression.
A black feminist analysis of Toni Morrison's Sula and Alice Walker's the Color Purple
The aim of this study is to examine the novels named Sula and The Color Purple penned by the writers Toni Morrison and Alice Walker with the black feminist approach and to put forth the hardships the female characters experience and the fight they have been giving for some piece of freedom and self-reliance. In their works Toni Morrison and Alice Walker, the two prominent black women writers, portray exploitation, dehumanization and oppression of African American women not only by gender roles, by society?s norms and also by their racist and sexist communities. In their so-called novels, the powerful women characters draw the attention as the chief protagonists. Sula, Nel, Eva in Sula and Celie, Sofia, Nettie and Shug in The Color Purple are all representatives of different generations of strong and independent black female selves. The argument?s focal point is that these black female characters are able to survive against all challenges; they are able to cope with all the borders, oppressions, and so they are able to craft a new order free from all these obstacles.