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Attitudes towards testing speaking at Gazi University Preparatory School of English and suggested tests
Speaking is an important part of language learning. However, generally it isnot integrated in curricula of most schools, and hence it is not focused on in classes.A language is a whole and has components each of which is important and necessarywhile one is learning a foreign language. Speaking is one of the components whichshould not be neglected. Otherwise, the process of learning a foreign language willnot be complete.This study serves to demonstrate whether speaking is given the necessaryemphasis at Gazi University Preparatory School of English. This is realized throughthe questionnaires given to both the instructors and students at prep school. Theresults yield that grammar, reading and vocabulary are the skills that are mostlyemphasized whereas the students want speaking skills to be given the most weight inclass.Afterwards, speaking tests are prepared in line with the coursebook `CuttingEdge? used at prep school. Three classes took the test. The teachers of these classesalso participated in the test as raters. The students who took the test and theirteachers were delivered questionnaires in order to get feedback about the givenspeaking test. Having completed the data collection process, all the questionnairesare analyzed and the results were interpreted. The analysis of the questionnairesillustrate that both the instructors and the students take positive attitudes towards thespeaking test conducted. Moreover, they think that a speaking course and speakingtests should be a part of the curriculum of prep school.To sum up, the thesis is proved to be successful in demonstrating the lack ofemphasis on speaking in class at prep school. The instructors and the students?positive attitudes towards the speaking tests comprise the most significant result ofthe questionnaires applied after the test, which indicates the necessity and usefulnessof a speaking course and speaking tests at Gazi University Prep School.
The figure of postcolonial women in ngugi wa thiongo's petals of blood and a grain of wheat
ABSTRACT The Figure of Postcolonial Women in Ngugi Wa Thiongo's Petals of Blood and A Grain of Wheat The purpose of this study is to examine the figure of postcolonial women in Ngugi wa Thiongo's Petals of Blood and A grain of Wheat. These novels deal with the condition of Kenya after the colonial period. In this study, the women figures of the novels have been focused on and analyzed in the light of race, class, gender, colonialism, and postcolonial feminism. After a profound reading of the both books, it has been understood that Ngugi portrays various types of women characters in his two books. We see women characters as victims of colonialism and patriarchy, mothers, oppressed figures, and also freedom fighters. Apart from this, A Grain Wheat also includes white women characters and deals with the attitudes of them against black women. And, this study analyzes various postcolonial women characters from various aspects. Key Words: Colonialism, Postcolonialism, Feminism, Postcolonial Feminism, Women, Race, Class, Gender, Patriarchy
Effect of language learning strategies on reading comprehension
This study investigates the effect of language learning strategies on reading comprehension of learners. For this purpose, language learning strategy use and preferences of participating students as well as the relationship between strategy use and reading comprehension performances of participants were examined. The study also investigates whether variables age, gender and duration of English study had an effect on learners' choice and use of language learning strategies. The data were obtained from 140 English Language and Literature students at Bingol University, applying a reading comprehension test and Oxford's (1990) SILL for SL/FL learners. The reading comprehension was used to determine students' proficiency level, while the other test was used to specify the strategies learners use. The data collected were analysed via descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage) and the statistical analysis Chi Square test. The results of the quantitative data revealed no significant relationship between overall strategy use and reading comprehension performances of learners, although high proficiency learners were noted to use strategies more frequently than their less proficient peers. On the other hand, cognitive strategies were found to be predictor of success among students. Besides, the analysis at individual strategy item level showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between 7 strategies (out of 50) and proficiency level of students. Remaining 43 strategies were not found to correlate with the reading proficiency level. Learners also varied in using subgroup strategies: cognitive strategies were used more by high proficiency level students than their less proficient peers. Both high and low level students reported to use compensation strategies at highest frequency levels, while affective strategies were noted to be used the least. Besides, strategy use did not correlate significantly with either age or gender. On the other hand, a negative correlation between duration of study and strategy use was reported in the study. Key Words: Language Learning Strategies, Reading Comprehension, Influential Variables
Orientalism in Tamburlaine The Great and Anglo - Ottoman relations in Elizabethan Era
Christopher Marlowe is accepted as the second most crucial artist in Renaissance period after William Shakespeare. Orientalism was in sight of diplomacy, policy and theatre in the extent of time when England was under Spanish threat and tried to find an ally who was powerful enough against rivals and enemies of England. Even if, England won the battle against Philip II without help of Ottoman, Tamburlaine the Great was written after that war and it is meant in the play that Turks are not infinitely trustworthy and mighty because of their early biggest defeat against Timur. Apart from his style and unique literary language, there is another point that calls attention to way of communication between the Kingdom and public of the period when reign of Queen Elizabeth shares nearly the same time with her contemporary Ottoman Sultan: Murad III. While in today's world impression management is handled by media, the period was the time of theatre as the most crucial communication tool. The first formal diplomatic relation was found in their ruling times which brought along also fear and anxiety to society of England. In this respect, because the fear which had appeared since conquest of Istanbul and increased after rising period of the Empire with Sultan Suleiman, that fear was tried to be eliminated by theatre plays and hidden codes in these plays. Christopher Marlowe is only one of the artists who adopted such a duty. His young age, conditions of the period when Tamburlaine the Great is written, his resources, reasons and claims of being a spy are the primary sources behind this study. Not only encoded messages are indirectly send to Ottoman Empire by "refraction of history or historical refraction" through Tamerlane, but also with his orientalist discourse while narrating weakness of Bajazid and so-called false prophet of Islam, it is symbolized on the stage that the fears are in vain because the empire is not mighty and invincible enough. For this reason, the new born relation should not be feared because it does not mean surrender but a precaution against Spain and other enemies. The first diplomatic relation of England of Elizabethan Era in the East with a Muslim Empire was likely the biggest step through being "the empire on which the sun never sets" (which was used for Spain before) whose size became larger than any other empire in history. Consequently, Tamburlaine the Great of Christopher Marlowe is examined in light of his orientalist discourse and Anglo-Ottoman relations. And, eventually it is deduced that however the playwright narrates Timur and Bajazid, he referered to events of his lifetime by "historical refraction" and so, possibility of a new critical reading of the play comes to the fore. Key Words: Christopher Marlowe, Tamburlaine the Great, Invincibility, Historical Refraction.
Virginia Woolf'un Bayan Dalloway ve Elif Şafak'ın Pinhan romanlarındaki yalnızlık teması
In the presented study, the theme of loneliness- one of the most significant themes of modernism and postmodernism has been examined closely in Virginia Woolf's Mrs.Dalloway and Elif Şafak's Pinhan. The selected works are important in terms of emphasizing one of the most common themes of modern times. The handling and treating of loneliness, its reflections on the characters' improvement processes and social lives have been studied comparatively in Mrs. Dalloway and Pinhan. Although the authors belong to different periods and literatures, it has been observed that they exhibit similarities in terms of handling loneliness, alienation, disappointment and disillusionment and stressing their effects. As a result, the study has aimed to explore how individuals, their families and social status were exemplified in Pinhan and Mrs.Dalloway in the context of modern and post modern world. Key Words: Loneliness, Alienation, Modernism, Postmodernism, Mrs. Dalloway and Pinhan.
Albert Camus ve Yusuf Atılgan eserleri arasındaki metinlerarası ilişkiler
Intertexuality, claimed to have been introduced by Bulgarian-French philosopher and literature critic Julia Kristeva, is a term which maintains that it is unlikely for any work not to be affected by the same kind of work written before. Since it is natural to have an interaction between authors, the authors can make reference to the worldview, philosophy and style of the different authors. With intertextuality, especially espoused by postmodern literary movement, the writers give the readers the opportunity to be conscious throughout the work and have different feelings within it by dynamizing their works. Written many articles and books on this term introduced in the mid of the 20. century, the attention has been drawn to the interaction from each other and different works of authors. Intertexuality encountered in the works of Yusuf Atılgan, one of the most important post-republic Turkish writers, is noteworthy. Yusuf Atılgan's works contain similar features to Algerian-French writer Albert Camus's works in terms of theme and topics. Existantialist themes like social alienation, religious alienation, loneliness, lack of communication and negligence in Camus's works can be seen also in the works of Yusuf Atılgan. Absurdism, grounded after WWI and originated from Existantialism, begins to maintain the idea that life was absurd after the destruction and deaths which these two world wars caused the world witnessed gaining acceleration following the WWII. People migrating from rural areas to cities to find an occupation and not being able to adapt to the city life in a rapidly urbanizing world especially following the Industrial Revolution, have been subject to the literature. It is also regarded as a movement about all the human beings in general like intellectual characters question this absurdism and alienate to society in Camus and Atılgan's works. Whether urbanized or not, people, in contrary to the other creatures, can not adapt to the world in which they live. It is claimed that Atılgan has been influenced by Camus's philosophy of absurdism. For instance, Atılgan's The Wanderer's protagonist, C's worldview and lifestyle in like social alienation, loneliness, lack of communication and negligence show parallelism with Mersault's lifestyle in Camus's The Stranger. In our study, the works of these two writers have been compared in terms of intertextuality. Key Words: Absurdism, Albert Camus, Yusuf Atılgan, Intertextuality
Models for national emancipation in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's works
Ngugi wa Thiong'o's suggestions for language, literature, literature teaching, departments of literature, literature, fine arts and other subjects have been focused on. Also, some historical and cultural information about colonialism and neocolonialism has been provided in African, particularly Kenyan context. Key Words: Independence, Imperialism, Colonialism, Literature, Language
Paul Auster'ın kitaplarında yaşanmışlıklar, üstkurmaca ve kader ötesi tesadüfler (Yanılsamalar Kitabı, Ay Sarayı, Cebi Delik, Kırmızı Defter)
Postmodern bir yazar olan Paul Auster, eserlerinde kendine haz yorumuyla kurguyu, üstkurmacayı ve metinler arası geçişleri ustalıkla kullanan çağdaş bir Amerikalı yazardır. Cervantes'ten, Hemingway'e kadar birçok mihenk taşı sayılan yazardan esintiler barındıran, onlardan esinlenen ama tamamıyla Paul Auster'a özgü bir tarzla yazılan kitapların yazarı olan Auster, kendine has bir kurgunun da öncüsü olagelmiştir. Yahudi asıllı Amerikalı bir yazar olan Auster, kendisi ile aynı kaderi yaşayan yazarların ve çağdaşlarının aksine Amerika üzerine en önemli tespitleri yapabilen, tarihyazımsal bir bakış açısı ile bakıp kurguyu gerçek ile buluşturan bir isim olmasıyla da dikkat çeken bir yazar olagelmiştir. En çarpıcı yanı, kitaplarına kendisini yansıtması olan, kendisini yansıtırken de gerçek ile kurguyu çok ince bir çizgide buluşturan Paul Auster'in kitaplarında metinler arası geçişleri bulmak, tesadüflerle örülmüş kurgular ile karşılaşmak ve kurgu içinde kurguya rastlamak göze çarpan başlıca özellikler arasındadır. Bu yönüyle Auster'ın Yanılsamalar, Ay Sarayı, Cebi Delik ve Kırmızı Defter adlı kitapları Auster'ın bu bağlamdaki tüm kullanımlarını içerisinde barındıran, üstkurmacanın da onun tesadüflerin efendisi olarak çağrılmasının sebebi olan tesadüfleri özünde tutan ve yaşanmışlıkların da geniş yer bulduğu yapıtlarıdır. Bu çalışmada da Auster'ın kullandığı bu teknikler, yöntemler ve ayrıntılar bahse konu eserler üzerinden incelenmiş, örnekleri ile ortaya konmuş ve farklı yorumlarla bir çerçeveye yerleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Paul Auster, üstkurmaca, tesadüf, yaşanmışlık
Muslim woman representation in Western literature; In Gaiour by Lord Byron and Aziyade by Pierre Loti
This thesis aims to research the Muslim woman representation in Western literary tradition which was constituted through orientalist texts and to compare two literary works, Gaiour by Lord Byron and Aziyade by Pierre Loti. In Edwerd Said's words, while installing itself, West or Occident needed an object or another entity to compare itself and approached to East or Orient with a masculine mindset, to sum up in Meyda Yeğenoğlu's words. The attributives used for describing Orient, for e.g. exotic, mysterious, veiled, need to be discovered or ruled etc. share resemblences with the ones used for Oriental woman, and civilasition mission is the redeemer for both of them. If we handle the historical evolution of the image, it had undergone divergent phases. In 18th and 19th centuries, the current image was shaped. Nearly a millennium ago, muslim woman and christian woman had many common features, in the literary works. Later in mediavel times Muslim woman becomes a (termagant) hussy character –just like the image of Islam in Europe at that time- and in 18th century –with colonialism- she becomes silent, enclosed, her veil draws attention and beyond of the veil is wondered. In the works that are analysed in the research, Oriental woman finds the love and care she needs in the romantic hero. Lord Byron is an English poet, a philhellenist, in favor of Greece, thinks that Ottoman's sovereignty in Greece is an atrocity to that cradle of civilisation. Pierre Loti, a French writer, names himself as friend of Turks and he thinks it is a happiness to live among Turks. What is in common for these two writers, is the Orient and the Oriental women figures in their works; Leyla and Aziyadé. Two women are desperate and in love. Just like the mediavel Muslim princess, they preserve and help to their romantic heroes. But they are not as free as those princesses and they are enclosed to their harems, their situation turns into a tragic one. Key words: Muslim woman, Oriental woman, Orientalism, harem, Islam and the West.
An Improved syllabus for engineering preparatory classes of Gazi University
110 ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to re-form a new syllabus which is in parallel to the existing one in order to help the engineering students in the Preparatory School of Gazi University to overcome the difficulties that they may encounter later during those faculty courses in their field of study which are taught in English. To realize this aim, the needs of the students at the Faculty of Engineering have been specified. The interpretation of the needs analysis have shown that after the Preparatory School, some academic skills will be needed by the engineering students to succeed in and to follow a number of their courses in their field of study taught in English. Thus, the academic skills such as note-taking, summarizing, writing a report, reading for specific information and the like have been integrated within the existing Preparatory Class syllabus. The first chapter gives a general background to the study and states its aim and the scope and makes some assumptions about it. The second chapter deals with the definitions of the terms 'syllabus' and 'curriculum'. Also, the types of and shapes of syllabuses have been summarized. In chapter three the present system has been discussed. The student's questionnaire and the teacher interview have been analyzed and interpreted in chapter four. The suggested syllabus has been presented in chapter five. In the sixth chapter a brief summary has been given.
The Clash of East and West in Maryam Jameelah's Ahmad Khalil: The Story of a Palestinian Refugee
This thesis aims at examining the clash of the East and West and enabling a constructive view to the relation deteriorated by modernity, colonialism, imperialism and nationalism. When the historical course of the West-East duality is analyzed it will be seen that there is a positive relationship which got worse gradually and reached its apex with modernity and colonialism. The favourable relation began to change with the emergence of Islam as a political, religious and cultural rival. With distorted imaginations, myths and prejudices directed at Islam the East is estranged, condemned to silence and propelled from the West both in regard to time and place. Likewise, the Eastern view of the West is deteriorated by imperialism and the colonization of their lands made possible by nationalism and modernization. As the East regards these ideologies harmful and divisive to their society they diverted their reaction to them in overcoming their oppression. Yet, their reaction is being regarded as the clash of civilisations by the West. Maryam Jameelah, formerly a Zionist and Jew and later a convert to Islam, as an insider to both civilisations deals the conflict. She compares the the differing values and cultural differences of the two and depicts that the conflict is not pertinent to values or cultural differences, yet it is related to such ideologies as nationalism, modernism which are used as a weapon of hegemony and division at the behest of colonialism and imperial interest of the Western elite. The proximity of values and the cultures of the two worsen in time by these ideologies hindering and stigmatizing the East. To her view these ideologies are dividing the communities, erasing their culture and communities and colonizing them. She shows that Zionism is an extension of this one-sided construction that is dividing the world. In Ahmad Khalil, she depicts that ideologies cause division as they are racist ideologies defending the interests of the powerful. They are tied to the West in a way that they become a tool of hegemony that can not bear the view of the other, neither sharing the power with other communities and civilisations nor their emancipation quest and offer. Keywords: East-West, Clash, Colonialism, Imperialism, Zionism, Nationalism, Islam, history and memory.
Philip Roth'un Sokaktaki Adam ve Erhan Bener'in Yalnızlar Romanlarında yalnızlık imgesi
Philip Roth'un Sokaktaki Adam ve Erhan Bener'in Yalnızlar Romanlarında Yalnızlık İmgesi başlıklı bu tez çalışmasının amacı Amerikan edebiyatının usta ismi Philip Roth'un Sokaktaki Adam romanı ile Erhan Bener'in Yalnızlar romanındaki yalnızlık imgesini incelemektir. Çalışma, iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, yalnızlık kavramına ilişkin kuramsal bir çerçeve çizilirken, ikinci bölümde bu kuramsal çerçeve de göz önünde bulundurularak Sokaktaki Adam ve Yalnızlar romanlarındaki yalnızlık imgesi incelenmektedir. İki farklı toplumda, iki farklı yazar tarafından, farklı dönemlerde yayınlanan bu iki romanın yalnızlık olgusunu ele alışında kimi farklılıklar bulunsa da her iki romanda da önemli benzerlikler de dikkat çekmektedir. Sokaktaki Adam romanında yalnızlık imgesi yaşlılık, emeklilik, ölüm, hastalık ve cinsellik olguları bağlamında ele alınırken, Yalnızlar romanında yalnızlık imgesi ölüm, hastalık, alkolizm, kentleşme ve cinsellik olguları bağlamında ele alınmaktadır. Tanımlayıcı ve karşılaştırmalı yöntemin izlendiği çalışmada varılan temel sonuç, farklı toplumlarda benzer özellikler taşıyan yalnızlık, insanlığın ortak sorunudur.
The comparative study of integration process of western Muslims in Black Album by Hanif Kureishi, the reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid and Brick Lane by Monica Ali
Immigration and globalization processes throughout the world have brought about the existence of a considerable number of Asian people in Britain and the USA with a variety of ethnicity, language, lifestyle, and religion and these countries have become far more diverse and multicultural. The reality of such diverse cultures and religions within Britain and the USA brings out the notion of integration. Therefore, this study particularly aims at answering the question "Is Muslim integration to English and American cultures really achievable?" For this purpose, this study is dedicated to the analysis of three post-colonial novels: The Black Album, Brick Lane, and The Reluctant Fundamentalist by three different writers of South Asian origin: Hanif Kureishi, Monica Ali, and Mohsin Hamid respectively. The study analyzes the novels in terms of the problems Muslims experience in their integration process to the host cultures of England and the USA. Each of the novels are predominantly populated by South Asian characters and they will be handled as discrete items of focus because each of them portrays a different immigrant subjectivity and possesses an inherent quality in the way the issues are covered. The study consists of five sections. In the introduction section, theoretical ground of the study in terms of postcolonialism, immigration, and integration will be presented drawing on the theories of Ania Loomba, John McLeod, Stuart Hall, and Bill Ashcroft et all… The introduction part is followed by the main body, which consists of three subparts. In this part, analysis of three novels will be carried out discretely in terms of the integration problems Muslim characters go through in a Western context. Lastly comes the conclusion part, in which a summation will be presented in terms of the differences and similarities of the integration problems handled in each book and an assessment with regard to the future of Muslim integration will be provided.
The traumatic impacts of colonial project on Igbo society: Things Fall Apart, Arrow of God, and No Longer at Ease
Colonialism has been one of the bloodiest projects of the world history, created by the human psyche. It has caused irreparable social and economic destructions. What is worse; it has left many disastrous and permanent wounds on the colonized people‟s psychology as it created a shocking effect and reasoned in psychological trauma This study is committed to analyze the impacts of the colonization plan over Igbo society via the characters of Africa‟s the most prominent figure, Chinua Achebe‟s trilogy-Things Fall Apart, No Longer At Ease and Arrow Of God-hoping to exemplify the psychic problems of all colonized subjects. As a novelist, Achebe aims at regenerating and representing African identity through his characters. With this aim in mind, he uses vivid and nearly real cultural settings in which he screens the victims of the colonial assault with their very agonies and deep psychological predicament. The study consists of four main parts besides introduction section. In the introduction, I tried to state the theoretical principles that are necessary for the analysis of the above novels in terms of the traumatic impacts of the colonial intrusion. In the first part, Things Fall Apart is analyzed in the interest of revealing the symptoms of the trauma experienced by the Nigerian society after their first encounter with the European exploitation. In the second and third parts; respectively Arrow of God and No Longer at Ease are analyzed in the same way. As it will be seen, the same traumatic event can lead to different psychological problems at different times. For instance, the anxiety of the unknown is observed in TFA whereas it is not seen in AOG or NLAE as the second and third generations gradually become adapted to the results of the European exploitation. On the other hand, the chase of power and so corruption can easily be analyzed in AOG and NLAE, while it is not experienced by the first generation victims. In addition to these different ones, similar symptoms which the colonial based trauma has brought about such as grief, depression, superiority/inferiority complex would be analyzed. In the conclusion section, the summation of the paper is presented by general evaluations of the novels in terms of the traumatic effects of the colonization project.
Victims of nationalism: A comparative study of the Lemon Tree and Sevdalinka
The Palestinians and the Bosnians have experienced two of the most miserable fates by virtue of national discrimination in modern era. The confusing point, here, is that the main reason of the miseries is the nations who had been exposed to the same discrimination and hurt. The Jews and the Serbs overdid the atrocities done to them regardless of their common historical and cultural backgrounds. The Lemon Tree mirrors Palestinian and Israeli conflict, the daily life, the nation's sufferings, and hope; Sevdalinka reflects the similar cases of Bosnian and Serbian conflict. The thesis analyzes the reflections of two historical cases on two narratives. The common grounds of the nations, the processes of building prejudice and deliberately discrimination, human rights violation are exemplified. As an artificial factor the concept of nationalism and kinds of nationalism are studied. The possibility of communication and co-existence of the nations having common cultural background is stressed. Regarding the whole process, it is concluded that the only or the most useful way to comfort for all the nations is to welcome and tolerate the other.
49 Numaralı Parçanın Nidası: Paranoyak belirsizlik içinde hakikat arayışı
Bazı edebiyat eleştirmenlerince postmodernizmin babası olarak kabul edilen Thomas Pynchon yapıtlarında kendine has yorum ve üslubuyla bilim ile teolojiyi, felsefe ile teknolojiyi, geçmiş ile şimdiyi, kurgusal olan ile gerçek olanı mahir bir şekilde harmanlamaktadır. Pynchon'un bu edebi tarzında kurguyu, üstkurmacayı ve metinler arası geçişleri ustalıkla kullanmak vardır. Ele aldığımız 49 Numuralı Parçanın Nidası adlı hacim olarak en küçük ama mana olarak en yoğun olarak kabul edilen bu eserde baş kahramanımız evhanımı Oedipa Maas'ın kendisine kalan bir miras etrafında şekillenen arayışı ve içinde bulunduğu belirsiz durumun ve toplumun etkisiyle de ruhi dengesinin bozulup paranoyaklaşması anlatılmaktadır. Biz de bu çerçevede kitabı arayış, paranoya ve belirsizlik çerçevesinde eseri yorumlamaya çalıştık.
The story of a victim: A psychoanalytic view of racism within the scope of women and children themes in "The Bluest Eye" and "A Mercy" by Toni Morrison
What is beauty? Why do we find something beautiful? Sometimes people love something but this unconscious feeling stems from the norms of their society. If this is the case, can we claim that society determines our perceptions? Correspondingly, an image that is created by a notion in our minds is nothing more than an artificial perception that society has forced us to internalise. In other words, we can say that the notion of beauty is the product of general perception or just a mind game. Through her work, Morrison forces us to question ourselves about the humanistic dimensions of societal norms by adorning her themes with stunning, extraordinary scenes, which nobody dares to question and invites us on a journey through the depths of our psychology. In both novels, the main character suffers an identity crisis following deep psychological trauma resulting in the loss of vital resistance. This study aims to analyse and compare Afro-American women and children themes in "The Bluest Eye" and "A Mercy" by Toni Morrison from a psychoanalytic perspective using the theories and ideas of leading figures in related fields of study.
Critical race theory in Rachel De-lahay's The Westbridge and Debbie Tucker Green's Random
In this study, the examination and evaluation of two plays that shed light on and set an example for English literature were determined and the two plays were examined and analyzed in accordance with the tenets of Critical Race Theory. These plays are The Westbridge (2011) by the British playwright Rachel Delahay and random (2008) by the British playwright debbie tucker green. Both plays were examined in terms of tenets of Critical Race Theory, and the way the theory was handled and its effects in both works were discussed in detail. In addition, in this study, the features of Critical Race Theory in both contemporary English and American literature were investigated and examined in line with the views and thoughts of leading theorists. In this study, the subtitles of the theory were examined in line with the works of activist, writers and academics who specialize in race and racism, and their similar and different opinions were expressed. Topics covered in this study are social prejudices, cultural conflicts, pejorative discourses, black-white conflict, the efforts of minorities to adapt to society, white supremacy, socially constructed norms and race matters.
A critical examination of Gender issues in Chopin's the awakening and Strindberg's miss Julie in the light of feminist criticism and new historicism
Many litterateurs have been concerned with issues related to sexism from past to present. Among them are Kate Chopin and August Strindberg who lived in the Victorian era and dealing with theme of woman in their works. Both, Chopin's The Awakening (1899) and Strindberg's Miss Julie (1888) focus on the Victorian era and emphasize common problems of women such as gender discrimination and supremacy of men in society. Contrary to comparisons among similar genres, the novel and the theatre play discussing similar issues on the social reality of women are compared in this study. The analysis of the works shed light on the zeitgeist of the time emphasizing how patriarchal societies suppress women and how the women struggle against it. In the first chapter of this study, general information about New historicism and Feminist theory, which are among literary theories, will be given and their historical development processes will be examined. In the second and third chapters, The Awakening and Miss Julie will be examined in a comparative way by means of Feminist criticism and New historicism. In the conclusion part, it will be shown that despite different settings, the historical and socio-cultural structure of the patriarchal societies lay the burden on the women.
A psychoanalytical reading of D.H.Lawrence's the Rainbow and The Man Who Loved the Islands
When the characters in D.H. Lawrence's The Rainbow and The Man Who Loved Islands are analysed from a psychoanalytic point of view, it is seen that the psychoanalytic point of view reveals the relationship between the works and the author, as is the case with the characters in many works in the world of literature. From this point of view, Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Criticism in D.H. Lawrence's The Rainbow forms the basis of the study, while in the second work, The Man Who Loved Islands, the reflections of Sigmund Freud's theory of life (Eros) and death (Thanatos) impulses on the characters of the work are examined.Although there are many episodes from Lawrence's life, the effects of excessive love or lack of love that children encounter in infancy on the relationship between parents and children are discussed. For this reason, the emergences of problems in the Oedipal complex and coping with these conflicts are discussed. Some identity confusions and their consequences as a result of the conflict are analysed. D.H. Lawrence's The Man Who Loved the Islands is discussed. In this work, the conflicts between Freud's life and death impulses and the problems that arise as a result of these conflicts are discussed. Sometimes the situations that people resort to in order to be alone can lead to unexpected results. For this reason, the decisions taken mobilize internal impulses. The work with the impulses of Eros and Thanatos addresses this struggle between life and death.
Alterity and hybridity in Bola Agbaje's Gone Too Far! and Caryl Churchill's A Number
This study evaluates the life and works of Caryl Churchill and Bola Agbaje, two of the most important female playwrights of the Contemporary British Theatre. In this dissertation, Agbaje's comedy, Gone Too Far! and Churchill's science fiction, A Number are critically examined for the concepts of alterity and hybridity. The first part of the thesis traces what alterity and hybridity are and how they are defined in different contexts. Various definitions of the two concepts are introduced in the light of some prominent philosophers' and critics' views. Gone Too Far! is an autobiographical play created by Agbaje depending on her personal experiences. Her characters struggle with the challenges of being black and immigrants in multicultural Britain. Agbaje shows this problem through the identity conflicts between black teenagers of different ethnic backgrounds. The issue of alterity arises both because of prejudices, racist thoughts and stereotypes, as well as the fact that characters do not embrace their own otherness, that is, their ethnic identity. What they need to overcome the issue is to build a hybrid identity and to live in harmony by having respect for the differences of the others. In A Number, the concept of alterity is a stand-out factor because the characters seek for originality as a result of cloning, even though they have different personality traits. Any efforts to build a self-centred identity negatively affect the relationship between "the self" and "the other." By shedding light on a future where hyperreality occurs as a result of the hybridization of reality and artificiality, Churchill highlights that it is important to build an identity by awareness of differences and similarities.
A heroine in-between: Forging fluid gender roles
This study broadly examined the representation of gender performativity and fluid gender roles of a young female adolescent in the oppressive and patriarchal mindset of a dystopian society in Suzanne Collins's trilogy: The Hunger Games (2008), Catching Fire (2009) and Mockingjay (2010). Using feminism as a critical framework, it referred to several influential figures of the second and the third wave feminist movements such as Kate Millett, Simone de Beauvoir, Adrienne Rich, Judith Butler and R.W. Connell in order to analyze the young protagonist of the trilogy as a powerful female figure who manages to empower and liberate herself, along with her society, in the end of her story of survival. Under the monitor of the ideology which encourages patriarchal values by defining and policing traditional gender roles, she metamorphoses into an autonomous, powerful feminist heroine who rejects the social and traditional gender roles tailored for her, and liberates herself as an empowered woman, thus becoming a figurehead of social change. As an androgynous figure, she continually challenges and transgresses gender boundaries defiantly navigating between male and female performances, which enable her to construct her own role and identity as a free agent.
A wonderful carnival: An analysis of Lewis Carroll's Alice books as carnivalized Menippean satires
This study has analyzed Lewis Carroll's two Alice books, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There (1871) from the standpoint of Menippean tradition and Mikhail Bakhtin's carnival theory. Both Menippean satires and carnival spirit propose a subversive upending of existing social order. The Alice books use Menippean genre characteristics to disrupt established literary traditions while carnival acts and images in the books revert the cultural and social structures of Victorian England. Carroll achieves these reversals through subversive, yet humorous carnivalesque practices such as decrownings, parodies, and employment of grotesque imagery. Menippean adventure plot and the dream frame aid in the creation of carnivalesque worlds that offer an alternative to the authoritative Victorian world order. Carroll utilizes these traditions to humorously parody Victorian ideas of propriety and etiquette, as well as Victorian education. At the end of each adventure, Alice rejects the authority figures of these alternate worlds and undergoes mental maturation in the process. Taking the Menippean qualities and carnivalesque acts and imagery in these works into consideration, the study concludes that Alice books are Menippean satires that are infused with carnival spirit.
The image of Jews in British novel The case of Oliver Twist and Our Mutual Friend, Ulysses and The Finkler Question
This study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the representation of Jewish characters in English literature by exploring the historical and conceptual development of antisemitism. The research delves into how antisemitism evolved from religious prejudice to biological and racial ideologies, tracing its transformation from ancient times to the modern era. The analysis focuses on Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist and Our Mutual Friend, James Joyce's Ulysses, and Howard Jacobson's The Finkler Question. These literary works are examined to uncover how Jewish characters were perceived by society and how these perceptions were shaped by factors such as economic crises, national identity debates, and cultural shifts of their respective periods. Furthermore, the study investigates how antisemitism transitioned from a religious discourse to racist ideologies in the 19th century and evaluates its reflections in literature. By examining these representations, the research sheds light on how antisemitism persists through literature and its implications for cultural memory and societal attitudes.
Yabancı dil öğrenme sürecinde ders dışı katılım, özerklik ve gelişim zihniyetinin ilişkisi: Yapısal eşitlik modelleme yaklaşımı
Bu çalışma, yabancı dil olarak İngilizce öğrenme bağlamında ders dışı İngilizce katılımı, özerk öğrenme ve gelişim zihniyeti arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Araştırmanın temel amacı, gelişim zihniyetinin özerk öğrenme ile sınıf dışı İngilizce kullanımı arasındaki ilişkide aracı ve düzenleyici rolünü analiz etmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, nicel bir yöntem benimsenmiş ve Türkiye'de İngilizce öğrenen 525 üniversite öğrencisinden toplanan veriler Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Katılımcıların özerklik düzeylerini, sınıf dışı İngilizce kullanımlarını ve gelişim zihniyetine yönelik eğilimlerini değerlendirmek amacıyla geçerliliği kanıtlanmış ölçekler kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, özerk öğrenmenin sınıf dışı İngilizce kullanımını anlamlı şekilde yordadığını ve gelişim zihniyetinin bu ilişkide hem aracı hem de düzenleyici bir rol üstlendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, gelişim zihniyetine sahip bireylerin özerk davranışlarını ders dışı ortamlarda anlamlı dil kullanımı yönünde daha etkin şekilde uygulama eğiliminde olduklarını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, elde edilen veriler, özerklik ve gelişim zihniyetinin geliştirilmesinin, öğrencilerin motivasyonlarını, dayanıklılıklarını ve bağımsız dil etkinliklerine katılım isteklerini sürdürmelerine katkı sağladığını ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırma, ders dışı İngilizce katılımını teşvik etmek adına, öğrencilerin gelişimini ve özerkliğini destekleyen öğrenme ortamlarının oluşturulmasının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Buna ek olarak, özerklik ve gelişim zihniyetinin desteklenmesinin, öğrencilerin motivasyonunu sürdürmelerine, dayanıklılıklarını geliştirmelerine ve ders dışındaki İngilizce etkinliklerine katılımlarını artırmalarına yardımcı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, araştırma, sınıf dışı sürdürülebilir ve anlamlı İngilizce kullanımını kolaylaştırmak için bu özellikleri teşvik eden öğrenme ortamlarının geliştirilmesi gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ders dışı İngilizce, Özerk öğrenme, Gelişim zihniyeti, Yabancı dil olarak İngilizce, Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi
Woman's alternative refuge far from the earth: Woman on the Edge of Time and The View from Here
Ecofeminism upholds equality among all living species while it acutely objects to the subjugation of woman along with nature. It discusses the double exploitation of woman and nature caused by patriarchy. In Marge Piercy's Woman on the Edge of Time, the protagonist Connie finds herself in a utopic future world called Mattapoisett after being institutionalized. Mattapoisett becomes Connie's comfort zone where she comes to a realization about her self. Besides, it presents an ecologist world where people appreciate and protect nature, animals, and human rights perfectly, contradicting the world Connie lives in at present. Analogically, in Lynne Hinton's The View from Here, nature becomes a shelter for Kate, the protagonist, where she looks over her life and the inequities she has encountered. Living in a tree, Kate realizes that she is more peaceful there with nonhuman beings. By shedding light on the characters' lives in both novels, this thesis aims to discuss Piercy's and Hinton's works from an ecofeminist perspective.
Archetypes and the process of individuation: A Jungian reading of Pamuk's the New Life and Joyce's a portrait of the artist as a young man
Carl Gustav Jung, the founder of analytical psychology, calls the psychological development of human beings the individuation process: a journey towards wholeness and the synthesis of opposites. Jung's individuation process takes place through the manifestation and acceptance of archetypes of a universal collective unconscious found in all humans. Orhan Pamuk's postmodern novel The New Life, published in 1994, is about the journey of Osman, a university student. Osman's journey begins with the influence of the book he is reading. Similarly, Joyce's modern work A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, published in 1916, chronicles Stephen Dedalus' journey from childhood to adulthood. This thesis analyzes the individuation processes of both characters and their experiences with the archetypes of "anima", "shadow", "child", "persona" and "self" by juxtaposing the journey of Osman and Stephen within the framework of Carl Gustav Jung's analytical psychology.
Alan Ayckbourn'un komedisi: Komedinin geleneksel kaidelerini benimseyip, komediyi füturizm, fars ve bilim kurgu ile güncellemek
As a comic tragedian of modern theatre, Alan Ayckbourn has produced eighty-four full-length plays, as well as numerous other playlets, revues, and adaptations. Walking a fine line between comedy and tragedy, Ayckbourn employs various classical devices ranging from satire, parody, stereotypes, and sarcasm to slapstick physical comedy in his works. Masterfully balancing the dark and tragic with the light and comic via his use of mistaken identity, surrealism, repetition, and farce, Ayckbourn manages to provide his audience with a comic catharsis. What is more, he utilizes these comedic devices, and thus their constructive power, as a tool to educate his young audience and provoke thought. Similarly, in his cautionary tales, Ayckbourn manages to combine comedy with science fiction while creating a realistic and grounded future, seeking not only to entertain but also warn his audience against the dangers of modern technology. This thesis aims to illuminate Ayckbourn's embracement of the classical codes of comedy while updating comedy via futurism, farce, and science fiction in the selected works: Henceforward, Communicating Doors, Comic Potential, Whenever, My Sister Sadie, and The Divide.
Irksal zorluklara ilişkin toplumsal cinsiyet temelli bakış açısı: Bola Agbaje ve Inua Ellams'ın eserlerinin eleştirel okuması
Theatre presents current problems of the society and it gives minorities a chance to be heard and for that reason, black British theatre has a significant role for the immigrants. Bola Agbaje and Inua Ellams, who share very similar backgrounds as they are both British playwrights of Nigerian origin, use the stage to write themselves into the script. They both experience similar identity problems as they feel torn between Nigeria and Britain; however, their perspectives on the gender issue reflect on their plays differently. Their focus varies in each play, but they share similar gender elements such as hypermasculinity, women's solidarity and gender nonconformity. In this thesis, Bola Agbaje's Gone too Far!, Off the Endz, Playing the Game and Belong, and Inua Ellams' Barber Shop Chronicles, Three Sisters, The Half-God of Rainfall and Black T-Shirt Collection are analysed in order to show the effects of Agbaje and Ellams' gender has on their perspective on the racial challenges they experience in the Nigerian diaspora in the United Kingdom.
Reflections of racial segregation and social injustice in the movies: Mudbound and the help
Today it is a well-known fact that there is no relation between skin colour and intelligence; hence no sign of inferiority. Cultural and physical differences constitute only the variety among the races. Thus, today it is claimed that the delusion known as racism is just a social construct used by whites to dominate blacks brought from Africa as enslaved people. According to Critical Race Theorists, racism is not merely a scientific error either since, for about 250 years, it was legally and socially practised deliberately. In her great movie, Mudbound (2017), based on the novel by Hillary Jordan, Diandrea Rees, an African American director, skilfully portrays and criticises the social and legal inequalities and injustices endured by Blacks during the post-war era in the 1940s in segregated Southern America. Tate Taylor, a white American director, also reflects on the injustice and inequalities of a segregated and prejudiced society in 1960s Southern America, particularly the exploitation of Black American women working as maids, in his movie The Help (2011), based on the novel by Kathryn Stockett. Although both films reflect the difficulties and consequences of discrimination against Blacks by shedding light on the lives of the characters, the directors' approaches to the subject differ significantly. By analysing Diandrea Rees's Mudbound and Tate Taylor's The Help, this thesis aims to illuminate the differences between the two directors' approaches and portrayals of racial segregation in the American South through the perspective of Critical Race Theory.
A postmodern approach to gender roles, stereotypes, and woman's identity quest in Tracy Chevalier's falling angels and John Fowles' the collector
Tracy Chevalier's Falling Angles and John Fowles' The Collector stand out as postmodern works, with their multiple narrations and ambiguous endings. It is also critical that the two novels reveal the challenges that their protagonists face in their personal lives and present the shifting nature of truth from person to person. In this context, this thesis focuses on the identity quests of the female characters in the novels and examines how social gender roles affect their search. In addition, it compares the struggles of the characters by drawing attention to the similarities and differences in their social conditions. Moreover, as the settings of the two novels are chronological continuations of each other, the reflection of Kitty's fight for women's rights at the beginning of the 1900s on Miranda's identity quest in the 1960s is analysed.
Violence in Sarah Kane's three plays: Cleansed, crave, and 4.48 psychosis
This study evaluates the life and works of Sarah Marie Kane, the most outstanding playwright of the 1990s who in total wrote five plays. In this thesis, Kane's last three works -Cleansed, Crave, and 4.48 Psychosis- are critically examined for the elements of violence .The first part of the thesis traces what violence is and why it emerged in life and drama. Various definitions of violence are introduced under the bright thoughts of the profound philosophers, thinkers and critics. The study also defines in-yer-face theatre which Kane has been credited with pioneering. Sarah Kane's childhood, her education at the University of Bristol and Birmingham, Jeremy Weller's play Mad, and the Bosnia genocide were some of the factors that affected her life and writing. In all her works, love stands out as the most superior concept, even though the violence in which it was cloaked often blocked the audiences' grasp of it. Violence, however, is the stand-out factor of Sarah Kane's plays as it enabled her to shock the audience into paying greater attention, giving the plays a greater impact and prompting the audience to re-evaluate themselves.
Womanism vs. feminism
It is generally known that feminism is a well-known term around the world. It isalways called as the ?war of the women against men? but actually, feminism is the war ofwomen to gain some social, political or economical rights alongside men. Recently, especiallyafter the Civil Rights Movement, the issue of ?race? has become important and caused peopledeal with the racial issues. As the issue of ?race? has become significant for certain group ofpeople, especially the black generation, black women have understood that they should followanother way to their liberation as black people, especially as black women; because the term?feminism? has started to refer to the movement of white women. Consequently, the term?womanism? has occurred as the movement of black women. To examine the issue, this studyrecovers the two works of the authors; one is critical and the other one is novel. In theseworks, the similarities and the differences of womanism and feminism are observed deeplyand this observation has been resulted as that both terms include some characteristics whichare very close and the main difference appears in the idea of racism. In other words,womanism gives more importance to white racism and this oppression is reflected in theworks of the authors, who follow the idea of ?womanism?. Womanism is a new word andmost of the people around the world are not familiar with it; so it is interesting to deal with thesimilarities and the differences between womanism and feminism. From this point of view,this study will contribute to future research on similar topics.
The concept of national self as reflected in walt whitman's civil war poetry
In the middle of 1850?s when the America nation was gradually drifting apart as aresult of the debates over slavery, an ex- journalist stepped into the literary stage of theperiod. This work presents the journey of Walt Whitman from a Democratic journalist to an?American Bard? who believed that the key to get over all the conflicts was a unity andequality among the members of the American nation and his attempt to create a ?nationalself? that Americans could absorb by heart. He chose poetry as a medium to embrace all menborn on the American land no matter of what color, class and gender they were. In the firstbook of collected poems called Leaves of Grass,(1855) his main intention was to raise anational consciousness by constructing a new model of democratic, equal and humanist self.Until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, he called Americans to gather around values likeequality, democracy, brotherhood and national unity. However what Whitman hoped for thefuture of the country, came true not with poetry but with a bloody war. He kept his optimismby assuming that the war could finally be able to unite the nation. After all, he believed that itwould only last for a couple of months. Unfortunately it didn?t. The experiences that he hadon the battle field and in the military hospitals of Washington proved that the nation hadfinally united but the price was too much to pay. While thousands of American men weredying, Whitman began to rethink all the values that he believed and defended for. In 1865 hepublished a new collection of war poems, Drum Taps in which the equal, democratic self wasreplaced by the common, national selves of heroic, courageous and brave American men whodied for the ideals that they believed in and most importantly for their beloved country,America.
The desire for writing, remembering and laughing is constituted in the minds of human beings who are in a quest for the survival of their souls against the ceaseless lack of being
I will examine Kundera?s book, The Book of Laughter and Forgetting by using the reader?s response theory, which is an important tool in literature. Reader?s response theory focuses on the reader or audience and their experiencing of a literary work. It is the study of how we feel as we read a literary work, what literature aims to do, how literature affects us morally, or how we perceive the world described by the writer.Then I will elaborate on Psychoanalysis of Forgetting, Laughter and Writing with respect to `Reaction to death of the Soul?. I claim that remembering, laughter and writing are the reactions, the weapons of the people who are oppressed and unhappy. The soul desires unity and stability. This desire creates the urge to become a whole being in harmony with the universe. This is a process which can never be completed but people have always tried and will always try to fill that emptiness which `lack of being? causes.. I aim to explain some concepts and express my ideas about the argument which I have mentioned earlier.I will analyse and interpret different uses of language, like metaphor, metonymy, variation, polyphony, parataxis, syntaxis and repetition in order to support my thesis which is based on psychoanalysis through language. I will support my ideas with references to what I believe are in harmony with my comprehension. I am not going to dispute the supremacy of my comprehension to my references which point to the interpretation of my thesis.
A psychoanalytic approach to the female selfhood and the male gaze in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea
The aim of this project is to examine the factors constituting the female self inVictorian society within the framework of the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud andJacques Lacan. It has been argued that there are many factors in Victorian society, which isalso the representative of the patriarchy, that have influences on a female who is in search ofher real selfhood. The theories emphasize that these factors are always psychical andpsychological and they are resulted from the relationships between the child and his/herparents. The familial relations affect an individual?s later relationships with others and her/hislife as an adult unconsciously. It is through these relationships that an individual can reachself-awareness and the real selfhood. To examine the female self hood under the ?male gaze?in Victorian society, Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea have been analyzed. My aim inanalyzing the female characters in these novels is to show how their ?lacks?, physical andpsychical needs shape their later lives and how their self hood is subject to destruction by themale gaze, suggesting two different possible solutions to save their selves in a society ruledby patriarchy. These solutions are to develop the ego in order to survive, balancing the desiresof the unconscious and the expectations of the society; or to find real selfhood in selfannihilation, which means to refuse any kind of obedience and conformity.
Angela Carter's feminist reconstruction of the classical fairy tales
?Once upon a time ?? is a pleasant echo from our early childhood memories. It is associated with a magical world which is peopled with beautiful and virtuous. Fairy tales are the basic means to create and settle the major images and structures about ?ideal? and ?bad? women in the young brains and indeed in a very dangerous way.Since fairy tales serve to traditional, patriarchal and man-centered policies, the characterization and the structure of the tales are almost always identical; the princess in the tale is always incredibly beautiful, elegant, virtuous, kind, mild, affectionate and forgiving. Yet, interestingly enough, she is always in a big trouble and she desperately waits passively to be saved by a white-horsed prince. Actually, because of her ?qualities?, this princess ?deserves? to be saved and be married by an ideal man.However, the feminist writers of the 20th century sternly attack these archetypes and attempt to redefine women?s individual, social and cultural identity. They point to the fact that women are not weak, submissive, passive, muted and controlled beings in need of a male protection. So, they create more realistic female characters based on actual experiences. Within the framework of this search, they also redefine the characterization and structure of fairy tales.Among these writers, Angela Carter is a prominent name. She carefully deconstructs and reconstructs the classical fairy tales, especially focusing on the characterization. She indirectly criticizes the clichéd ?ideal? and ?bad? women archetypes by carrying her female characters into a real and realistic realm with authentic experiences. Thus, she leads us to question the essential nature of womanhood, female experiences and the particular drives directing women to act in a certain way. The reconstructed image of classical fairy tales? female characters can perhaps be best exemplified with the tales in Bloody Chamber by Angela Carter.Key Words: Fairy Tale, Classical, Traditional, Feminist, Realistic
Evolution of the vampire from mythologies of the ancient world to the twentieth century gothic fiction
The aim of this thesis is to examine the transformation that the vampire image goes through from folktales of the ancient world to the twentieth century Gothic fiction. The vampire, one of the most popular embodiments of the evil, evolves in different contexts that are dominated by different worldviews of people.In the folktales and mythologies that circulated around the world, `the evil? was attributed to non-human, supernatural beings by ancient people whose limits to understand the ways of nature were immense. So the vampire, as an entirely supernatural creature, provided a persona for people through whom they could explain things they normally can?t, such as the essence of life and death, the source of evil, the life after death.During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the vampire was present in the Gothic narratives of many writers. Coleridge, Keats and Le Fanu resurrected the ancient vampire Lamia/Lilith and presented vampirism and evil as the outcomes of their heroines? non-human nature. Lord Byron was the first writer to depict the male vampire in English literature. he portrayed his vampire as a Romantic hero who has acquired vampirism as a curse that he inherited as a result of his confrontation with `the Other?. Later Polidori took up `the Byronic Vampire? and created his own `aristocratic? blood sucker Lord Ruthven in his short novel The Vampyre , which prepared a transition ground for Stoker?s Count Dracula, the most complex vampire figure; the perfect `Other?; the source of all kinds of anxieties of the Victorian people.In the twentieth century, Anne Rice depicted existentialist, human vampires who invited the reader out for a journey to seek the source of good and evil; the `ultimate? meaning of life and death. At the end of this journey, they found out that there are no divine authorities to tell them the secrets of their existence; the source of evil is not the `supernatural?, not `the other? but the human nature itself.Key Words: Vampire, Myth, Supernatural, Fear, Evil, Anxiety, the Other, Existentialist
Slavery vs. enslavement: A black feminist analysis of the slavery in Toni Morrison's Beloved and Sula
This dissertation aims to discuss the reasons and consequences of the black slavery inthe continental America through a comparison of the enslavement of the Black people by theWhite hegemony and the symbolic enslavement of the Black female by her own communityas depicted in Beloved and Sula by Toni Morrison. It intends to exhibit how slavery works ondifferent levels-not only historical and factual but also symbolic-while it follows the samepattern in it processes of dehumanization. It presents a Black Feminist evaluation as a theorythat aims to deconstruct the racist and sexist implications against the black female voice thatis systematically and deliberately omitted and negated in the dominantly White Westernliterary tradition.Keywords: Black Feminism, Black Female Voice, Slavery, Enslave
An analysis of Thomas Hardy's Tess of The D'Urbervilles and Jude The Obscure in the light of feminist criticism
Victorian Age was a great time of change in many ways. The growth of urban civilization, the technological developments, the gradual increase in personal wealth were some of the reasons which caused to change the period of that time. Paralel to the innovations on technology, class issues, economy, family and love relationships, writers started to reflect such kind of changes in their work of arts. It was such a powerful era that most of the great novels were written in that period. The fiction of that era has taken its name from the Queen Victoria and has been called as Victorian fiction.Thomas Hardy was one of the most prolific writers of the Victorian Age. As a reflection of great changes in social and economical life in the Victorian Age, he creates his own style in English literature. He focuses on the complex issues such as class distinctions, family and love relations with a various, open and self conscious form. His novels mainly deal with issues concerning women in this time period.My argument in this study is focused on his ambiguity towards his female characters. On the one hand, he is praised by some critics as he defends his female heroines thinking that they are oppressed under the rigid norms of Victorian society. On the other hand, as other critics support, his perception towards women was influenced by the conservative society, therefore his novels are criticized as being biased from a male point of view.In my thesis, I will examine his most well-known novels, Tess of the d?Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure in the light of feminist criticism in order to show his ambiguity towards his female characters.Key Words: Victorian Age, Hardy, women, feminist criticism
A psychoanalytic approach to the lonely men of Shakespeare: Hamlet, Lear and Prospero
The object of this thesis is to examine William Shakespeare?s depiction of his lonely male protagonists in his significant plays, Hamlet, King Lear and The Tempest within the framework of psychoanalytic criticism and also drawing attention to the colonial theme running in these three plays. The reason why Shakespeare?s works are still so powerful and criticized even today is not only because of his style but also because of the themes he discussed such as jealousy, good versus evil, happiness and loneliness, which are still contemporary for the 21st century readers. In this respect, Shakespeare?s plays both treated and appealed to all classes and to different levels of intelligence and education of Elizabethan society. In other words, there is no class distinction in Shakespeare?s depiction of human psyche.Shakespeare depicts Hamlet, young prince of Denmark, as a melancholic and introverted character as he has learnt about his father?s unnatural death and his mother?s hasty marriage with his uncle, while he portrays an abandoned king figure who has turned mad in his King Lear. Differing from the other two plays as a comedy, the protagonist of The Tempest, Prospero is also depicted as an isolated character, both physically and psychologically. In this sense, all these protagonists resemble each other in terms of their psychological states and symbolize isolation as they can not adapt themselves to the realities of their lives and their social circles. Consequently, this project will discuss how these characters lack evaluating life objectively and become isolated.
Oedipus complex in D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers and Virginia Woolf's to the Lighthouse
The aim of this research project is to prove that Oedipus Complex that is normally known as the love felt for the mother and the hatred felt for the father by male children also refers to female children. This study analyzes D. H. Lawrence?s Sons and Lovers and Virginia Woolf?s To the Lighthouse within the framework of psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud, specifically Freud?s theory of Oedipus Complex. Sigmund Freud was courageous to talk about unconscious, sexuality and especially child sexuality which were considered as taboo subjects. His theories concerning child sexuality have especially met great reaction. By his `Oedipus complex? theory, he explains his ideas about child sexuality. Freud was inspired by the play `Oedipus the King? in formulating his theory. According to this theory, both male and female children love their mothers in an affectionate way and their first love object is the mother. However, when females realize that their mothers lack a penis, they turn their attention to their fathers. Freud calls this Oedipus complex. D. H. Lawrence?s Sons and Lovers is a classical example of the theory of Oedipus complex. It portrays male children who are suffering from Oedipus complex deeply and they cannot overcome it. Virginia Woolf?s To the Lighthouse is an unconventional example of this theory because it presents a male child and a female one who fall victim to this complex, nevertheless, who can overcome it.
An analysis of Lacanian concept in A.S. Byatt's possession and in Erendiz Atasü's the Other Side of the Mountain
The aim of this thesis is to show how A. S. Byatt in Possesion and Erendiz Atasü in The Other Side Of The Mountain have their own subjectivity in language and how they try to change the language along with social change by emphasizing the socially constructed order around us. In relation with the Lacanian `Symbolic Order?, the debate explores the struggle of two literary figures, Byatt and Atasü, to find a place in society having a separate identity, social status and freedom of expression. In the first chapter, the concept of otherness, father figure and mother-daughter relations, and expressing self-identity using metonymy and metaphor in language will be discussed based on Possession by A. S. Byatt and in the second chapter, the focus will be on the recent position of women mentioned in The Other Side of The Mountain by Erendiz Atasü in terms of being ?other?, being constituted by the patriarchal order of Turkish society, defining their family relations, and finally women?s expressing themselves in language through metaphor and metonymy. Last chapter is about the similarities and differences between the works of two authors.
Characters as victims of slavery: A black feminist analysis of Beloved by Toni Morrison
This dissertation examines Toni Morrison?s novel Beloved to reconstruct the traumatized history of the African-American people, and to constitute the notions of race, history, and community without sexual difference. Beloved commemorates the struggle for selfhood that has been taken from them by the White hegemony; the overwhelming historical, political, economical, physical and psychological force. Lost historical and racial memories are recovered through the daughter?s desire for reunion and reconciliation with the mother. This dissertation presents how slavery works on different levels- not only historical and factual but also symbolic- while it follows the same pattern in its processes of dehumanization. It presents a Black Feminist evaluation as a theory that aims to deconstruct the racist and sexist implications against the Black female voice that is omitted and negated in the dominantly White Western Literature.Key Words: Slavery, Black Feminism , Sufferings, Selfhood, Hope
Examination of Charles Bukowski's prose through Bakhtin's concept of carnivalized literatures
This thesis examines the consubstantiality of Charles Bukowski?s prose with the literary sorts which are defined as carnivalized genres by Russian literary theorist Mikhail Mikha?lovich Bakhtin. Bakhtin maintains that those genres, which he scrutinizes from ancient Greece to 19th century?s Russia, constantly regenerate by utilizing a literary heritage. In its general meaning Bakhtin?s theory is based on an idea that those literary genres, which are inspired by the unofficial nature of carnival rituals, express themselves in a similar way to carnivals, under some alternative forms. Carnivalized genres, utilizing the subversive energies of those folkloric themes for the benefit of their literary styles, attempt to subvert the author-based, authoritarian one-sided seriousness of the main stream literature conceptions. On the other hand the cosmopolitan structure, which occurs as a result of a fusion of lower and upper classes during carnival times, finds its literary reflection as dialogism in novel; which enables all the characters to have their own voices. This thesis asserts that Charles Bukowski?s prose also bears those carnivalesque items that Bakhtin conceptualizes.Key Words: Carnival, Carnivalesque, Laughter, Humour, Subversive, Unofficial, Material, Bodily
Women images in Boccaccio's the Decameron and Chaucer's the Canterbury tales
This thesis shows how Giovanni Boccaccio and Geoffrey Chaucer present the conditions and problems of medieval women in their respective narratives as they are and how the women characters are sympathetically treated by the above mentioned authors of the Middle Ages. To serve this purpose, this studyanalyzes the aspects of life in the medieval era in terms of women images. Therefore, in the first chapter of this thesis, the women images created by Boccaccio in the Decameron and the tales and the novellas are told by basically the women characters with specific reference to Fiammetta will be presented. In the second chapter, Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales will be dealt with through the characters, The Wife of Bath and the nuns. In this comparative analysis, the perception of womanhood as well as the role imposed on women from different social classes will also be presented in the light of the two works of art. In the third chapter, the women images will be compared and contrasted as these two works bear some striking similarities and differences. Finally, the thesis concludes by foregrounding each of the above mentioned works as a model which presents the women landscapes from the two different countries, Italy and England, of the 14th century.
Brave New World: The correlation between social Darwinism and Freudian psychoanalysis in the decision-making process of the characters
Numerous studies have been done to date to identify the factors affecting people's decision-making processes. Different ideas have been brought forward about what these factors are, and Social Darwinism and Freud's Psychoanalytic theory have become two prominent concepts among them. Social Darwinism contends that the society in which people live is the most important factor in their decision-making processes, because the rules set by the society play a key role in an individual's survival in an adaptation to that particular society. While Social Darwinism examined this process under the dome of social science, Psychoanalytic theory sought answers for this decision-making process under the science of psychiatry and claimed that the most important factor in people's decision-making was the subconscious. This study aims to establish a direct correlation between Social Darwinism and Freud's Psychoanalytic theory through the analysis of the characters and their decision-making processes in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World.
Racial relations in Spike Lee's four movies: School Daze, Do The Right Thing, Jungle Fever, Get On The Bus
Today, it is a well-known fact that racism does not have a scientific basis. Racism has been a judicial and economic propaganda tool used to keep a race exploited by the dominant ideology or race. As long as racism exists, it will create different traumas in many parts of the society and negatively affect social relations in many ways. This thesis focuses on four films by Spike Lee and aims to show how racism affects social relations in American Society. These movies are School Daze, Do the Right Thing, Jungle Fever, and Get on the Bus. While the thesis demonstrates how the phenomenon of issues such as slavery, racism and colorism affect social and emotional relations among races, it also focuses on social and emotional relations within the same race. In addition it highlights the social challenges experienced by the black community such as, the breakdown of black family structure, prejudice towards whites, police violence and hatred, invisibility of black women, internalized racism, ganging, and propensity for crime, in the light of Critical Race Theory.
A study of threatened masculinity and tragic flaw in David Mamet's Edmond, Glengarry Glen Ross, and Oleanna
In David Mamet's Edmond, Glengarry Glen Ross, and Oleanna, the protagonists are portrayed as men who are plagued by the belief that their masculinity is being challenged and threatened. These men seek to overcome these challenges and claim their masculinity through various means: Edmond through sexual conquest, Levene through business success, and John through academic discourse. By analysing the three plays and their protagonists, this thesis aims to discuss that these men have a common tragic flaw: hubris. Their hubris causes them to make fatal mistakes, which in turn lead to their tragic downfall. As a consequence of their tragic downfall, the protagonists experience a reality that contradicts their initial conceptions of masculinity. Key Words : Masculinity, Tragic Flaw, Hubris, Femininity, Tragedy
Unveiling a collector's psyche: A psychoanalytic study of John Fowles's novel The Collector
The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss and analyze Frederick Clegg, the main character in John Fowles's novel entitled The Collector, within the context of psychoanalytic literary theory to reveal when and in what way a butterfly collector acquires the collecting behavior, and to investigate how this behavior turns into an obsession in adulthood. Traumatic experiences are expressed through specific changes in behavior and ritualistic participation in potentially criminal acts. Therefore, in the current thesis, the experiences and behaviors of the novel's main character in early childhood and adulthood are evaluated. The data obtained are interpreted by making use of the studies of distinguished theorists and experts in the field of psychoanalysis such as Freud, Jung, Lacan, Randy O. Frost, Donald Black, David Tolin, Bowlby, and Ainsworth. According to the results of the research, Clegg's hobby of collecting butterflies in his early childhood was reinforced by the traumas he experienced during his childhood. This hobby turned into an obsession in adulthood, causing him to kidnap a woman and cause her death.