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The roles, functions and effectiveness of the third party mediation in peace processes
As a result of the transition in warfare since the end of the Cold War, the term peace, which conventionally has been referred to inter-state settlements, became to be affiliated with "the resolution of ethnopolitical conflicts". In this milieu, mediation has gained more importance in the peace processes proliferated over the last decades, as a non-violent political activity for resolution of those "new-wars" or "micro-conflicts" coming to prominence in recent decades. Mediation is an essential part of the peace processes put in place to find a solution for the conflicts or civil wars. In most of the cases, the success of the peace process largely depends on "the effectiveness and success of the third-party mediation", among many other factors. Based on this presumption, the thesis aims to explore the roles and effectiveness of third-party mediation in peace processes through the peace and conflict studies literature, by focusing on two cases where third-party mediation has been successfully applied: Northern Ireland Peace and Aceh Peace Process. While the thesis is focused on the former USA senator George Mitchell's mediation activities in the first case, it analyzes the former Finnish Prime Minister Martti Ahtisaari's mediation role in the latter. Through these two cases, the thesis descriptively reveals how mediators might be significance to in managing with whole "peace process" in general and helping the negotiators to reach a formal agreement, in particular
Political marginalization of youth as a driver for violent extremism – examining the case of jordan
Jordan, wedged amid political unrest and conflict, has found itself a hub for extremism both domestically, and across its neighboring borders. Jordanian youth are at the forefront, engaging with radical and extremist groups. This case-study determines factors that motivate youth to join violent extremist groups, focusing on low-levels of civic engagement and youth participation in political life. Moreover, the study outlines the interventions needed to reduce the level of youth participation in violent and extremist groups. Finding that extremism is a multi-dimensional issue, the researcher draws on political, sociological, and psychological theories to explain the drivers and factors that may motivate youth to join violent and extremist groups in Jordan. This study found that a combination of factors led to increased radicalization in Jordan including external political unrest and instability due to conflicts in neighboring Syria and Iraq which lead to a spill-over effect influencing radicalization and the activity of extremist groups in Jordan. Domestically, the influence of Salafis increased, this coupled with high levels of corruption and increasing unemployment rate among youth has increased the vulnerability of youth to ideological and psychosocial radicalization. While these have been found to largely make the country more vulnerable to radicalization, the study found that governance and democracy are key in minimizing extremism, and in the prevention of violent groups in Jordan. To counterextremists efforts Jordan needs to create programs that integrate social education aimed at the economic and social development of youth to minimize and rid of existing groups Keywords: Violent Extremism, Rational Choice Theory, Jordan, Political Participation, Youth.
Etik iklimin işten ayrılma niyeti ile ilişkisinde algılanan örgütsel desteğin aracı rolü
Bu araştırmada, etik iklimin işten ayrılma niyeti ile ilişkisinde algılanan örgütsel desteğin aracı rolü incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu Ankara ili sınırları içinde bulunan 161 özel sektör çalışanı oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak; Etik İklim Ölçeği, Algılanan Örgütsel Destek Ölçeği ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Ölçeği'ni içeren çevrimiçi anket formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde kısmi en küçük kareler yapısal eşitlik modeli (PLS-SEM) tercih edilmiş ve analiz kapsamında SPSS 21.0 ve SmartPLS 3.2.8 programlarından yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, etik iklim, algılanan örgütsel destek ve işten ayrılma niyeti değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkilere yönelik oluşturulan araştırma modelini destekleyici mahiyette bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Buna göre; etik iklim ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkide algılanan örgütsel desteğin kısmi aracı rolünün bulunduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları ilgili literatür çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiş ve birtakım önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
On the approaches of the transformation of the conflicts: A theoritical framework
With the end of the Cold War, a dramatic increase in the number of conflicts that have erupted for various reasons has prompted both statesmen and academics to develop methods and approaches to prevent, control and eventually transform such conflicts into a lasting peace. These quests have helped to create a wider knowledge about the causes, dynamics and phases of the conflicts, as well as paved way for an understanding that appropriate methods must be applied for each phase of a conflict according to its dynamics. The development of effective conflict management and analysis mechanisms requires a deep understanding of the causes and characteristic of a conflict and the application of appropriate methods to those causes. Otherwise, misreading the conflict and linking it to the wrong causes can have a great influence on the transition of the conflict from a level of non-conformity to a level of violence. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to elaborate the various approaches to conflict transformation and examine that to what extent and in which conditions these methods are effective in transforming the conflicts.
NATO intervention in the libyan crisis and the implementation of the responsibility to protect
The events that occurred during the Arab Spring in early 2011 triggered the world community. Violent socio-political processes and changes in the ruling regimes of the Middle East and North African countries, particularly in Libya, led to the emergence of a political and moral dilemma for the Western World. In this context, this thesis examines the importance and influence of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) intervention and response regarding this issue, as well as the questions of the motives behind the military operation in Libya. To this end, the thesis specifically discusses the positions of some key NATO members, namely USA, France, UK, Germany, as well as Italy, regarding the intervention in Libya based on the principle of 'Responsibility to Protect' under the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) authorization of Resolution 1973.
Intervention by invitation within the responsibility to protect framework
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) was introduced as a response to Kofi Annan's plea to resolve the paradox of illegal humanitarian interventions versus inaction by the international community in the face of atrocity crimes. By shifting the discourse from 'sovereignty as control' to 'sovereignty as responsibility', R2P places primary responsibility on states to protect their population from atrocity crimes and shifts this responsibility to the international community when the state is 'unable' or 'unwilling' to protect. However, after it was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, R2P has not yet been a solution to ongoing humanitarian crises as evinced by the current cases mainly due to the political impasse at the United Nations Security Council. In this vein, this thesis explores the place of the 'intervention by invitation' (IvI) within the R2P framework as an aspect of prevention and/or timely action that can resolve the impasse. Building on state consent, the invited states assume the collective responsibility to protect if the UNSC fails to respond to the mass atrocity crimes. In view of this, the responsibility of the inviting and intervening states is intertwined in the three-pillar implementation strategy of R2P. As part of its Pillar I responsibilities, the state may request for military assistance in case of inability to protect the population and trigger Pillar II that is international assistance. Pursuant to the triggering of the responsibility of the international community, the intervening states may uphold the international community's Pillar II responsibility through 'preventive deployment'. In the event that the state is manifestly failing to protect its population and there arises a need for decisive action, when the Security Council fails to adopt a decision, such as for the authorisation of all necessary measures up to and including the use of force, based on the existing and applicable consent, the invited interveners can undertake the use of force in a 'timely and decisive' manner under Pillar III. Accordingly, to consider situations where an intervention is to take place, this thesis proposes a newly formulated test known as 'effective population protection legitimacy' (EPPL) in order to ensure its effective and right implementation. The applicability and feasibility of this test is analysed through the case of Yemen.
An analysis of Turkey's policy concerning refugee integration
Turkey has been hosting the largest number of refugees around the world since 2014. In line with international principles, regional standards and the European Union acquis, Turkey provides protection to refugees by offering admission into territory, access to asylum procedures, non-refoulement and access to basic rights. However, asylum system in Turkey does not introduce any long-term durable solution. In search for durable solutions for around 4 million persons in need of international protection in Turkey, by taking into consideration the limited number that can be resettled or that can return to their countries of origin, it is inevitably necessary to focus on local integration options and opportunities to ensure refugees` self-reliance. In this study, refugee integration in Turkey is analyzed in the light of the norm diffusion theory and explored to what extent integration completes the norm diffusion cycle. The overarching theoretical question of the study is: "Does adoption of the international norms in the field of refugee protection provide integration as a durable solution for the refugees in Turkey and if and how it could be explained through norm diffusion theory?" The result of such exploration reveals that the diffusion of integration as a norm emerges but fails to exceed the tipping point. The conclusion is that due to its existence in the Law on Foreigners and International Protection, although there seems to be acceptance, from a contextual point of view, the content of Article 96 of the Law does not fulfil the name of integration. Accordingly, its content does not fully cover the intended meaning. Thus, this thesis argues that Turkey has not even accomplished the norm adoption when it comes to integration of persons in need of international protection.
İş yerinde etik standartların çalışanın iş tatminine etkisi
İş dünyasını muhatap alan kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk standartları ya da öz deyişle "iş etiği standartları", 1980'lerden itibaren hem söylem hem de katılım olarak tüm dünyayı hızla sarmıştır. Bu denli hayatımıza giren etik yapılanmaların, işletmelerin asli unsuru olan çalışanların iş tatmini üzerindeki etkisini araştırdığımız bu çalışmada ilk önce, dünyada ve Türkiye'de "iş etiği"nin gelişmesi özetlenmiş ve hayırseverlik ile pederşahi tutumların"kurumsal sorumluluğa" evrilmesi süreci anlatılmış; daha sonra sertifika ve rehber nitelikli dört etik oluşum-SA 8000, ISO 14001, ISO 26000 ve UN Global Compact-hakkında bilgi verilmiş,standartların amaçları yanında bazı akademisyen görüşleri aktarılmış; en sonda alan araştırması bulguları analiz edilerek uluslararası etik standartların ilkeleri doğrultusunda uygulanması halinde, çalışanların çoğunun işlerinden sağladıkları tatmini olumlu etkilediği ve ayrıca iş yerlerinde etik yönetime ihtiyaç duyulduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
SA 8000 ve ISO 26000 iş etiği standartlarının Türkiye'de uygulanabilirliği
Günümüzde yaşanan çevre sorunları ve iş dünyasındaki insan hakları ihlalleri tüketici açısından satın alma davranışlarının sorgulanmasına yol açmıştır. Bu durum şirketler için kurumsal imajın bir boyutu olan etik konusunu, küresel rekabet denkleminin yeni ve göz ardı edilemez bir değişkeni haline getirmiştir. SA 8000 ve ISO 26000 Standartları ise kurumsal sosyal sorumluluğa stratejik bir bakış açısı geliştirebilme becerisi ve ölçülebilir bir değer sistemi oluşturabilmesi açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında sosyal sorumluluk standartlarının Türkiye'de uygulanabilirliğine dair mevcut durum kavramsal izlekte ele alınmıştır.
Duygusal zekanın koçluk tarzı liderlik üzerindeki etkisi
Duygusal zekâ kavramı, pek çok farklı tanımlamaya sahip olmakla beraber kişinin kendi duygularının farkında olması, onları yönetebilir olması, başkalarını bu duyguları kullanarak etkileyebilmesi temeline dayanır. Koçluk tarzı liderlik ise koçluk yetkinliklerini kullanan insan odaklı bir yönetim tarzıdır. Bu araştırmanın amacı duygusal zekanın koçluk tarzı liderlik ile anlamlı bir ilişkisinin olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Aynı zamanda yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim durumu, çalışma deneyimi gibi demografik değişkenlerin de koçluk tarzı liderlik ve duygusal zekâ stratejileri ile bağlantısını incelemektir. Bu sebeple Ankara'da faaliyet gösteren büyük ölçekli bir firmanın yönetim kadrosunda çalışan 588 kişiye anket uygulanmıştır. Bu yöneticilerden 275 tanesi anketi yanıtlamış (%47,62) ve 251 tanesi cevaplarının akademik çalışmada kullanılmasına izin vermiştir. Duygusal zekâ değişkenini ölçmek için duygusal zekâ ölçeği, koçluk tarzı liderlik özelliklerini ölçmek için koçluk ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Anket cevaplarından elde edilen verilere korelasyon ve regresyon analizi uygulanarak bazı çıktılar elde edilmiştir. Bu çıktılar sonucunda duygusal zekâ ve koçluk tarzı liderlik arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu, yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim durumu ve çalışma süresi gibi özelliklerin duygusal zekâ ve koçluk tarzı liderlik üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi olmadığı ancak koçluk eğitiminin duygusal zekâ alt boyut puanlarını etkilediği saptanmıştır.
Gender-based violence (GBV) : Its effects on development and the society , initiatives in place focus on the women and young girls of the far north region Cameroon
GBV is a complex social problem and also a major barrier to development and affects all level of the society , the study will focus on the far north region of Cameroon where this practices are done under the umbrella of culture religion or tradition ,a number of initiatives have been created to fight against this types violence but it still prevails despite all these efforts .Violence against women has been called "the most pervasive yet least recognized human rights abuse in the world." The far north region in Cameroon has a population of three and a half million majority of whom are women but it is a patriarchal and conservative society , and is one of the poorest and underdeveloped region in the country ,right from birth male children are given priorities and privileges while female children are believed to move to their husbands family sooner or later so anything done for them is seen as a waste of resources .The male children have more opportunities ,some parents believe sending female children to school may affect her negatively even though primary education is free parents are still reluctant to send them. Some of these girls who stay at home finally are sent to forced or early marriages and find themselves at the mercy of these men where she is relegated to the role of housewife , without resources and without skills which makes it difficult for them to secure jobs and are therefore dependent .if girls are given the same opportunities as boys they could exploit their potentials by not only being autonomous but will also contribute to the society through skills, input and ideas . The violence may sometimes not be seen but its impact is felt on development and within the society, communities and the country as a whole .