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Basın çevirilerinde diller ve kültürlerarası farklılıklar
Bu çalışmanın amacı İngilizcedenTürkçeye yapılan basın çevirileri kapsamında dilsel ve kültürel farklılıklarınhangi biçimlerde ortaya çıktığını ve sonuç olarak ürüne ne gibi etkilerde bulunduğunu değerlendirmektir. Bu kapsamda İngilizceden Türkçeye yapılan basın çevirileri değerlendirilmeye alınmış olup elde dilen verilere diller ve kültürlerarası çeviri ve etkileşim açısından bir analiz yapılmıştır. 2016, 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında sunulmuşBBC (20), Euronews (8) ve Sputnik News (4) haber ajanslarından toplamda 32 adet haber metni ve çevirileri ele alınmıştır. Spor, sağlık, kültür ve sanat, bilim ve teknoloji, politik ve yaşam ve seyahat başlıklı alanlarından metinler derlenmiştir. Bu inceleme nesnelerine dilsel ve kültürel farklılıklar özelinde işlevselci bir yaklaşım modeli olan ve göndergesel, anlatımsal, duyumsal ve ilişkisel işlevden oluşan Christiane Nord'un Dört İşlev Modeliuygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında, ele alınan bütün metin türleri açısından göndergesel ve ilişkisel işlevlerin çoğu zaman çevirmen tarafından uygun stratejiler doğrultusunda yerine getirildiği ancakanlatımsal ve duyumsal işlevin tam manasıyla gerçekleştirilemediği gözlemlenmiştir. İngilizce ve Türkçe arasındaki dilsel farklılıkların, iki ülke arasındaki coğrafi uzaklığın, kültüre özgü dil kullanımlarının ve evrensel dil kullanımlarının dilsel ve kültürel farklılıklar noktasında en önemli faktörler oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, Türkçeye yapılan basın çeviri metinlerinin çeşitli adaptasyonlarla sunulduğu ve birçok noktanın eksik olarak verildiği de belirlenmiştir. Bu adaptasyonlar içerisinde içermeme, ekleme, açımlama ve yeniden düzenleme süreçleri mevcuttur. Yeni bir bilim dalı olan Çeviribilim kapsamında basın çevirilerinin dünya genelinde 2000li yılların başından itibaren ele alındığı dikkate alınarak Türkiye genelinde oldukça az çalışıldığı gözlemlenmiş ve bu doğrultuda daha fazla çalışma yapılması tavsiye edilmektedir.
Göstergebilimsel Bir Serüven: Üç öyküsüyle Türkçe'de Oscar Wilde
"Göstergebilimsel Bir Serüven: Üç Öyküsüyle Türkçe'de Oscar Wilde" başlıklı bu çalışma, Wilde'ın The Selfish Giant, The Devoted Friend ve The Nightingale and The Rose başlıklı üç masalsı öyküsünü göstergebilimsel bakış açısıyla ve çeviri göstergebilimi bağlamında incelemektedir. Göstergebilim ile birlikte çeviri göstergebilimini ve amaçlarını uygulamalı örnekler ortaya koyarak tanıtmayı hedeflemektedir. Eserin "Gösterge ve Göstergebilim" başlıklı ilk bölümü kuramsal çerçevedir. Göstergeyi, göstergebilimi ve çeviri göstergebilimini tanımlamakla birlikte uygulama kısmında kullanılan yöntemin, yaklaşımlarından sentezlenerek elde edildiği göstergebilimin, özellikle de yazınsal göstergebilimin üç önemli ismi Algirdas Julien Greimas, Roland Barthes ve Jean-Claude Coquet'nin kuramlarını da özetlemektedir. "Bütünce ve Uygulama" başlıklı ikinci bölümü ise uygulama kısmıdır. Oscar Wilde'a ve dönemine ilişkin özet bilgi verildikten sonra söz konusu üç eser burada göstergebilimsel çözümlemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Çözümlemeler, öykülerin 1962'de Penguen yayınevi tarafından yayınlanan özgün metinleri üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öykülerin iki tanesi için sekiz, biri için de yedi farklı çevirmen tarafından gerçekleştirilmiş olan Türkçe çevirileri çeviri göstergebilimi ölçütleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Prof. Dr. Sündüz Öztürk Kasar tarafından geliştirilen Çeviride Anlam Bozucu Eğilimler Dizgeselliği uyarınca elde edilen bulgular tablolar üzerinde topluca gösterilmiş ve sayısal verilerle de ifade edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, hem göstergebilimle, göstergebilimin çevirideki rolüyle ve çevirmene nasıl yardımcı olabileceğiyle ilgilenen akademik okurlara hem de genel anlamda göstergebilime ve çeviri göstergebilimine ilgi duyan tüm okurlara ışık tutabilmek amacındadır.
The female exploration in a patriarchal society as reflected in Virginia Woolf's 'The Voyage Out' and Halide Edip-Adivar's 'Handan'
The present thesis examines the female explorations and the emergence of `new women identity? in patriarchal Victorian and Ottoman societies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by focusing on Virginia Woolf?s The Voyage Out and Halide Edip-Adıvar?s Handan. The two novels are analyzed and evaluated by putting the feminist approach and the mental attitudes appropriate to the historical contexts of the mentioned periods in the centre.The first chapter points to the social transformations in Victorian England and Ottoman Empire concerning `the new women identity?. Moreover, the psychoanalytic theories related to the construction of gender roles and identity acquisition process are emphasized to clarify better the relationship between women and men.In the second chapter, the personal life stories and women perceptions of Virginia Woolf and Halide Edip-Adıvar are studied in details by making a comparative analysis in order to form a sound basis for the evaluation and analysis of the novels in terms of new and independent female identity explorations in patriarchal societies.In the last chapter of the thesis, the precedent novels of the writers, The Voyage Out by Virginia Woolf and Handan by Halide Edip-Adıvar, are compared and examined through the feminist psychoanalytic approach to show the existential struggles and the self-identity explorations of women in their patriarchal societies.At the end of the thesis, it is concluded that the patriarchal system and its dictates based on religion and moral values play an important role in the female identity formation process, and set a bar against women in their search to gain their self-esteems and independent women identities. Naturally, it is also seen that Virginia Woolf and Halide Edip-Adıvar, as being women and writers having been brought up in such kinds of patriarchal societies, are not able to become free from the social, political and ethic influences of their eras, which affects the subjective experience and female creativity shaping their literary works.
The Victorian künstlerroman
This study includes the main characteristics of the Victorian literature in general and the Victorian Künstlerroman in particular. The fundamental aim is to make a comparison between the male and female Künstlerromane in relation to the gender differences.In the first chapter, the main genres of the Victorian age, the issues about the gender distinctions in the nineteenth century fiction, the basic traits of the Künstlerroman, and the other sub-categories of the Victorian Bildungsroman are mentioned. More specifically, the definition of the Künstlerroman, and the main male and female examples are analyzed.In the second chapter, Charles Dickens? David Copperfield and Elizabeth Barrett Browning?s Aurora Leigh are introduced as the male and female epitomes of the Victorian Künstlerroman. In this comparative analysis, the main similarities and differences between these two texts are introduced in relation to the gender matters and the condition of the male and female artists in society. In this context, the process of the self-construction of the protagonists as individuals and artists are compared in the frame of their experiences. The conclusion of this comparative analysis is that both David Copperfield and Aurora Leigh include the main characteristics of the Künstlerroman, however, they differ in some thematic concerns in relation to the gender differences.
A thematic comparison of metaphysical poetry and sufi literature
The present thesis is a research on the 17th century English Metaphysical poetry, which is compared to the Turkish Sufi literature that appeared in Anatolia in the 12th century starting with Ahmed Yesevi.Poems by John Donne and George Herbert representing Metaphysical poetry and Ahmed Yesevi and Yunus Emre in Sufi literature are explained with their general thematic aspects. The love of God, death, and unity of entity (Vahdet-i Vücud) are main topics emphasized in poems, and relation to which the similarities and differences are stated in the comparative part of the thesis.
The facets of existentialism in Golding's Pincher Martin and Camus's The Stranger
This study tries to reveal the influence of Existentialist Philosophy upon French and English Literature in general, and the traces and influences of Existentialism on William Golding?s Pincher Martin and Albert Camus?s The Stranger, in particular. The fundamental aim is to make a comparative analysis of the two novels and their two main characters, in order to present different perspectives and attitudes of two authors, one English and the other French, with regard to the same subject.In the first chapter, the origins of Existentialist Philosopy, its historical development, major concerns and main themes, accompanied by the different viewpoints and contributions of significant thinkers and writers from different nations, are examined in an effort to draw some general lines for the philosophy, which is already difficult to define.In the second chapter, William Golding?s Pincher Martin and Albert Camus?s The Stranger are analysed separately, and then comparatively, in the light of major concerns and main themes of Existentialist Philosophy. In this comparative analysis, the main similarities and differences between these two novels and the main characters are introduced in terms of major concerns of Existentialist Philosophy. In this context, the attitudes of the protagonists towards other people and their experiences in the society as individuals are compared.The result of this comparative analysis is that both Pincher Martin and The Stranger include the basic characteristics of the Existentialist Philosophy, only revealing slight differences about some major concerns and main themes of Existentialism in some parts.
Albee?nin absürt oyunlarındaki değişen erkeklik ve kadınlık sosyal değerlerinin ?Amerikan rüyası?nın hayali gerçekliği bakımından sunumu
The present thesis, entitled ?The Presentation of Changing Social Values of Masculinity And Femininity In Accordance With The Illusionary Reality of ?American Dream? In Edward Albee?s Absurdist Plays?, is a research on the status of masculinity and femininity in the plays of American Absurdist playwright, Edward Albee.The starting point of the present study is our consideration of the male myth in American culture and its mutually chancing social values of masculinity and femininity in American culture in relation to the Theatre of the Absurd which is expressed primarily in the plays The Zoo Story and The American Dream by Edward Albee.In the first chapter of the of our study, entitled The Concept of Absurd and The Theatre of Absurd we have attempted to discuss the Theatre of The Absurd and its historical lineage in accordance with the main European representatives. Albee?s biography and dramaturgy, along with his major works, are also presented in the first chapter. Our second chapter, entitled The Concept of Masculinity in Edward Albee?s Absurdist Drama presents the changing social values of masculinity and femininity in the American society by taking and illustrating parts from The Zoo Story and American Dream as revealing Albee?s concerns about the American society, the ways in which he deals with concepts of masculinity and femininity in relation to American dream as an important aspect of his works.
The romantic impulse in the fiction of the Brontë Sisters: Wuthering heights and Jane Eyre
The aim of this study is to argue about the Romantic influence on Victorian novel, in particular as revealed in the novels Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre by the Brontë sisters. In this context, firstly, the general characteristics of the Romantic Movement and its main concerns, then, Victorian Literature and its general characteristics are exposed. In Victorian literature, despite Realism and realistic fiction emerging as a reaction against Romantic Movement, poetry continues the Romantic tradition which emphasizes subjectivity. However, the novels of the period aim at the reconciliation of the man with society and tell the human life with its full nakedness. From this point of view, the novels of this age, concerned with individual and his emotions reflect the literary endeavour to question and reshape the Romantic values. Charlotte and Emily Brontë include in their novels the Romantic themes and present them in the light of Victorian thought. This study on the novels of the Brontë sisters discloses a number of Romantic themes such as love, imagination, nature, memory, escapism, oppression, alienation, childhood experience, liberty, Byronism and Gothicism, which are present in Victorian fiction and which prove the continuity of Romanticism as a literary tradition.
Aspects of psychological maturation in Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence
The aim of the present thesis is to convey how D. H. Lawrence reflects his own maturation through his protagonist Paul Morel in his novel Sons and Lovers. It has been pointed out that there are similarities between the life of Lawrence and his main protagonist Paul Morel.The first chapter, entitled Autobiography, Bildungsroman and the Theory of Psychoanalysis, presents the theoretical basis of the thesis that gives the definitions of autobiographical novel, Bildungsroman as an autobiographical novel and Oedipus complex.The second chapter, entitled The Reflection of Maturation in Sons and Lovers, represents how Lawrence gives the reality truly. We have attempted at giving the psychological development of Paul Morel with three women in his life. He has an oedipal love with his mother, a spiritual love with Miriam Leivers and a sensual love with Clara Dawes. In this chapter, our aim is to convey the destruction of an individual with a depressive mother and two different lovers which leads to the protagonist?s maturation with experiencing these three different relationships. At the end of the thesis, we reach the conclusion that Lawrence writes his own real life through his relationships with his mother and lovers.Keywords : Sons And Lovers, Autobiographical Novel, Bildungsroman, Oedipus Complex, Psychological Maturation.
The myth of Ulysses in European literature
The present thesis is a research on the archetype of Ulysses, which originated in ancient Greece and was given a literary representation by Homer. Both as a literalised and literary myth in latter stages of its development, the archetype is handled in relation to the philosophical background of its age in a diachronical way. Starting from its Greek genesis, the archetype is analyzed in Italian literature in relation to Medieval tradition with Dante Alighieri?s The Divine Comedy, in French literature, in relation to Renaissance tradition with Joachim Du Bellay?s sonnets, in English literature, in relation to Victorian tradition with Alfred Lord Tennyson?s Ulysses, and finally in modern Irish literature with James Joyce?s Ulysses. These works of art are discussed in respect to the archetype?s development in European literature and its references in the age?s philosophical background. The theoretical bases of our study is constructed on contributions of some scholars that of W. Watt, Adler, Jung, Campbell, Claude Levi-Strauss, Mircea Eliade, Vickery, Frazer, Mche, William Robertson Smith, Brunel, Ken Dowden, Propp and Raglan. In order to create a theoretical ground in our study, some methods and principles of research are to be applied, which are namely, text analysis, intertextualism, literary theory, myth-criticism, thematology, and text-analysis. The structural level of our study corresponds to the certain schemas. It consists of an introduction followed by five other chapters and each chapter includes some other subtitles. The thesis ends with a conclusion part as a final view to our study, followed by a bibliography and an index.
The rise of tragicomedy and its avatars in the 20th century European drama: Chekhov, Pirandello and Stoppard
The present thesis focuses on the rise of tragicomedy as a separate genre and its avatars in the 20th century European Drama namely in Chekhov?s The Seagull, Pirandello?s Six Characters in Search of an Author and Stoppard?s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead.The study consists of two main chapters in which the textual and theoretical analysis of the plays under consideration as modern tragicomedies are rendered after conveying various definitions of the genre. The first part of Chapter I includes the development of tragicomedy as a genre by pointing out the very essence of the genre and the influences on its emergence illustrated in various examples in European Drama and by providing diverse definitions of the term. In the second part of the Chapter, the basic information concerning the contribution of the aforementioned playwrights to the development of modern tragicomedy is pointed out with the illustrations from the plays.The core concern in Chapter II is to convey a comparative analysis of the plays applying theoretical, theatrical and comparative methods. In this respect, in the first phase of the chapter, the metatheatrical characteristics of the plays in question are examined after providing various definitions of the term ?metatheatre? by its inventor Abel and the drama critics namely Calderwood, Pavis and Hornby. In the lights of the definitions of metatheatre, the mentioned plays are examined considering the contribution of the term to the tragicomic response. In the second part of Chapter II, the theatrical devices in the plays such as language, stage directions, scenery and the costumes which reinforce the tragicomic effect on the audience are discussed in compare and contrast analyses applying theoretical techniques.In the conclusion part, in the light of the findings in the main body, and by comparing and contrasting these findings, the plays are compared as the examples of modern tragicomedy indicating the common and different techniques employed by Chekhov, Pirandello and Stoppard.Keywords: Tragicomedy, Chekhov, Pirandello and Stoppard, metatheatre
The absurdist view of the self in Harold Pinter's plays Dumb Waiter and Moonlight
In the middle of the twentieth century, a new type of drama entered the history of theatre in order to challenge all the existing dramatic conventions of the traditional theatre and to argue about the absurdity of existence, the meaninglessness of life, and the lack of communication among individuals. This movement, called the Theatre of the Absurd, rejected the traditional forms of the theatre and developed new sets of conventions, new ways of using the stage, while exploring new concepts of ontology and serving as a vehicle for the materialization and dissemination of existentialist ideas.Entitled ?The Absurdist View of the Self in Harold Pinter?s Plays Dumb Waiter and Moonlight?, the present thesis reinterprets the critical idea that the Theatre of the Absurd expresses the purposelessness of life and that it reifies the existentialist conception by focusing on two plays by Harold Pinter, Dumb Waiter and Moonlight. With these two writings, especially, Harold Pinter achieves originality and creates his personal style as a result of the playwright?s inventiveness, yet remaining an exponent of absurdist drama.This thesis consists of two chapters, one theoretical and another representing the textual analysis of the plays. In the first part, the Theatre of the Absurd and its origins and main characteristics are stated, along with the presentation of the relationship between absurdist drama and the philosophy of Existentialism, and finally of the absurdist tradition in Pinter?s drama. The second part consists of a comparative approach to the two plays concerning the absurdist view of the self and in relation to a number of important thematic and structural perspectives common to both texts, such as setting, characters, language, stage directions, menace and violence.Key Words: The Theatre of the Absurd, pinteresque, violence, menace, silence
The tragic hero in fiction: A comparative analysis of Crime and Punishment and A Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man
This thesis is a comparative study of tragic heroes in Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky?s Crime and Punishment and James Joyce?s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. As representatives of modern literature, the protagonists of these two novels bear some qualities which are contrary to the classical norms on tragic heroes set by Aristotle. The aim of this thesis is to establish a modern perception of tragic heroes by evaluating the protagonists of these two novels. For this reason, it is necessary to understand the foundations and the development of tragic theories and the perceptions of tragic heroes throughout time. The approach of this thesis has been from general to particular. First, the concept of tragedy as a literary genre has been comprehensively studied by considering its place in literature, historical development and its different aspects. Then, a number of tragic theories and the concept of tragic hero have been presented for a better evaluation of the protagonists in question. In the second chapter, the protagonists of Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov and Sonia, have been studied. Inspection of the social milieu and the biographical background of the author have been useful in understanding the traits that shaped the tragic heroes. In the third chapter, the same procedures have been used in order to investigate the protagonist of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. In the comparative section, the protagonists of these novels have been studied from several perspectives in order to better reveal their tragic status. This comparison reveals that although they represent different literary tendencies, modern tragic heroes do not carry the classical tragic traits any more.
The 'Fool' as character in Renaissance Literature
The fool, who forms the basis of the comic deed and the comic character of the play,obviously displays the human?s discordance of existence, his failure and lower abilities, theirtragical and unlucky destiny, and their inner will. The fool, plays against to nonsensecontrasts, he depicts the freewill, entertains, makes people to think, even force to think, raisesa bitter satire. The fool comes front with his sharp wit, his ability to deliver speech, hisrestless disposition and his ability of solving the complicated situations.Foolery is a philosophy and also a profession. The fool, who wears arrayed andimposing motley, a special clothe, is a professional fool. There are a lot of inner conflict within them due to the distinction between the profession and philosophy. The fool profession isto form amusement. His philosophy wants from him to say the actual and vanish the myths. Ifa fool knows the fact that he is the artificial fool and knows that with his cunning wit, he ispretending as a natural fool and with this power he could be able to say the truth, he will beregarded as a witty fool. Whereas, if a fool accepts the truth that he is under the constructionof a king, he would be away from being the actual fool and be only a servant. Therefore, afool has to make to fool the others otherwise he won?t be the fool himself.Key Words: Cervantes, Erasmus, Fool, Renaissance, Theatre, William Shakespeare
Realist romanda kadın karakterler: Jane Eyre ve Çalıkuşu'nun karşılaştırmalı analizi
The 19th century is a complex period in which some of the contradictions come to surface like west and east, man and woman, tradition and innovator, individual and society and also presents these contradictions with romanticism and realism.This thesis investigates the status of women in that period as reflected in Reşat Nuri Gültekin?s Çalıkuşu and Charlotte Bronte?s Jane Eyre involving both romantic and realistic elements.The first chapter points to the socio-cultural background of 19th century English and 20th century Turkish realistic fiction. Moreover the status of women and female characters are presented in details in their periods.In the second chapter the personal life stories and women perceptions of Reşat Nuri Güntekin and Charlotte Bronte are studied. The two novels are explained as bildungsroman and gothic elements with their comparative analysis.At the end of the thesis, it is concluded that being virtuous and determined minded have important roles on female identities even they can change their fate by remaning virtuous. The novels Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and Çalıkuşu by Reşat Nuri Güntekin focus on the existential struggles in patriarchal societies.
Suicidality in The Bell Jar
The main interest of this thesis is to examine the reasons of suicide attempts of the protagonist and how the similarities between the author and the protagonist are reflected in Sylvia Plath?s novel, The Bell Jar.In the first part of this thesis informs the development of feminism and the gender roles in American society. Lack of rights for women, double standards of society, differences between sexes are considered as reasons of feminist movement. In this way, depression of women how lead them to suicide has been discussed. The theme of suicide and how it was used by female writers has been emphasized.In the second chapter, the thematic patterns such as an autobiographical novel, the significance of the title, the suicidality and the identity crisis have been examined. The protagonist?s search for identity , relationship with her mother how attributed to her pyschological problems have been analyzed.In the conclusion part, the treatment of the protagonist after her last suicide attempt has been discussed by giving the similarites with Sylvia Plath?s life.Keywords: Suicidality, Sylvia Plath, Feminism, Identity Crisis.
The concept of isolation in Sylvia Plath's works
In this study it is emphasized how the isolation and death concept ofSylvia Plath?s works applied into the poetry pattern. Foreknowledge on isolation is putforward and the period of the poet is analyzed related to the works and past. Generally,twentieth century is the concept of isolation, and in detail, it is the examination of theisolation related works of Sylvia Plath who is a writer of the Post modern period.In the first chapter, the concept of isolation is explained in a social way and itsevolutions are given from the beginning of history. The concept of isolation is evaluatedin sociological, psychological and theoretical ways.In the second chapter the themes of death and suicide developing related to theconcept of isolation are explained in Plath's works. The poems with the comparativeanalysis and The Bell Jar are presented by an analysis deeply made in the concepts ofisolation and death.
Romantic and Realistic foundations of detective fiction: A comparative study of Edgar Allan Poe and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
The concrete objective of this study is to comprehend and analyze the historical flourishing and social contexts of the rise and the reasons of this rise of the genre of detective fiction in 19th century England through tracing and examining the appearance, construction, improvement and changing nature of this genre in this century.It attempts to be a comparative analysis between two different authors and some of their works. The authors are: Edgar Allan Poe, who is considered as the father figure in the early nineteenth century and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as the follower of Poe in the late Victorian Era, which is the era of scientific and industrial advances. The present thesis focuses on detective fiction as a literary genre, investigates the concept, the origins and historical process of developing of the genre of detective fiction in the nineteenth century through making a critical comparison between Poe, who stresses on the the examination of emotions and employing imagination and Doyle, who stresses on scientific reasoning and the method of deduction. Edgar Allan Poe gave birth to the genre of detective story telling, popularized through his character Auguste Dupin; who is considered as the first detective character to exhibit the disciplines of deduction and logical thinking in unravelling the mysteries and crimes that plague society; Conan Doyle?s fictional detective character, well-known Sherlock Holmes, also displayed analogous characteristics.The intention of this research is to analyze how Poe in his Dupin tales and Doyle in his Sherlock Holmes stories reflected the Romantic and Realistic foundations of the nineteenth century detective fiction tradition.Keywords: Detective, Realistic, Detective Fiction, Romantic, The Victorian Era.
Analysis of woman images in the Prime of Miss Jean Brodie By Muriel Spark and The Life and Loves of a She-devil By Fay Weldon
This thesis analyses the woman images and roles in two contemporary novels, Muriel Spark?s The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and Fay Weldon?s The Life and Loves of a She-Devil. The novels are examined by feminist psychoanalytic approach and the mental attitudes appropriate for the social contexs of the different time periods mentioned.The first chapter deals with women?s writing in general in the world of literature. It flows through from the development of woman?s position in society to the current position of women?s writing. What women?s writing is explained and the contributions of some important people to it are also mentioned. In addition, the psychanalytic theories about the formation of gender roles and identity acquisiton are emphasized to explain the differences between women and men better.The second chapter deals with the authors, Muriel Spark and Fay Weldon. Their writing careers, writing styles and techniques, and the popular works of these famous woman writers, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and The Life and Loves of a She-Devil are mentioned.In the third chapter, the novels Muriel Spark?s The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and Fay Weldon?s The Life and Loves of a She-Devil are deeply analyzed. The protagonists and other minor characters are introduced and the themes concerning woman images and roles are discussed. In this chapter, there are also comparisons of the protagonists? characters and their roles as woman.At the end of this study, it is concluded that the authors, Weldon and Spark, explore the imperfect lies of romantic fictions and try to show the reader how stereotypes of femininity are formed by men. They both speak for strong exceptional woman characters challenging their secondary roles assigned by masculine power. These women characters in the novels go through many experiences during which they sometimes deal with the patriarchal system but mostly with the other women whom the protagonists consider the unattainable and perfect as the sign of independent females. At the end of these experiences, the protagonists seem to reach their goals, but deep inside what they gain is a failure rather than a real success since they lose their ambition in life with the death of their rivals, the self-confident and independent women, who were the main objects of their living.Key Words: woman images, women?s writing, Muriel Spark, Fay Weldon.
The concept of binary oppositions as a structural and structuralist dimension in David Lodge?s changing places
This study includes the relationship between the literature and theory in the campus novel in general and the main characteristics of the critical places that this relationship creates. The main aim is to illustrate how this manner is handled by focusing on the term `binary oppositions? of the structuralist theory.In the first chapter, the most important characteristics of campus novel are handled and the works that reflect these characteristics are represented. On the other hand, David Lodge is observed with his aspect in campus novel and structuralism.In the second chapter, David Lodge?s Changing Places is analyzed as both a product of structuralism and a campus novel. In this practice, the term, `binary oppositions? is used and this term is comprehensively analyzed in this novel. In this chapter, the education system of America and Britain is discussed in the context of the novel, as well. As a matter of fact, the usage of the `binary oppositions? reveals not only the focus on the structuralist theory; but also, the double identity of David Lodge. The conclusion of this concept is that Changing Places is analyzed as the product of the doubleness of the structuralist theory and it is the realistic reflection of double identity of David Lodge.Key Words: Academic Novel, Binary Opposition, Campus, Structuralism, Satire.
Victims of incest: Portrayals of women as reflected in the novels of Toni Morrison and Zülfü Livaneli
The aim of this thesis is to illustrate adverse effects of racism and sexism on black women in the United States and adverse effects of sexism and custom on women in the east of Turkey by focusing on Toni Morrison?s The Bluest Eye and Zülfü Livaneli?s Mutluluk. Infact, the common points examined in the novels are marginalized woman and exploitation of woman?s body in patriarchal societies.The first chapter points out with the novel of Toni Morrison the position of black woman in the racist and sexist black community by emphasizing on a little woman, who turns to insanity in order to cope with outcasting from society after her violation. Black woman in the novel internalizes the attitude of beauty, belonging to whites, and so begins to embrace racial discrimination, ruining woman and causing her losing self-esteem.In the second chapter, the struggle of woman in a society, which gender discrimination and oppression on woman exist, has been explained with Zülfü Livaneli?s novel and it has been highlighted that how woman is seen as statue of honour and can be killed in the name of honour in case of necessity. It has been analyzed in the novel that in such a society, how a little woman coped with custom and managed to discover her self-identity.The last chapter represents comparative analysis of woman characters sharing the same destiny although they are from different races - one is black and other is white in The Bluest Eye and Mutluluk. It has been emphasized on the viewpoint of repressive societies on woman and it has been concluded in the chapter that how women are scorned and marginalized and how some concepts like beauty and honour are abused.Keywords: Racism, Sexism, Custom, Self-Esteem, Honour?
The gothic tradition in the novels of the Bronte sisters: Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre
After the reign of Queen Victoria, the 19th century is called as a Victorian Era in England. The era becomes the symbol of stability and development in many fields of life, economy, policy, social way of life and arts. However the social, economic and moral changes have led many contradictions. As usual the writers of the era are influenced by the society and depicted the contradictions in their works. The realistic and the serious topics of the Victorian Age is heightened and softened with the optimism of the Romantic Age.In this study, both realistic and romantic elements mainly the gothic elements in the novels of the Victorian period writers, especially Emily Bronte?s Wuthering Heights and Charlotte Bronte?s Jane Eyre are investigatedIn the first chapter features of the Romantic Period and the Victorian Age also the main genres of the Victorian Age are mentioned. The gothic, the development of the gothic novel and how the gothic elements are used in realistic novels are analyzed in detail.In the second chapter, how the biographies of Emily Bronte and Charlotte Bronte are reflected in their novels and how the realistic and the gothic elements are used in their novels are analyzed with the examples.In the last part of the thesis it is mentioned that although written in the Victorian Age the two novels have the realistic and the romantic elements. As a result, it is concluded that the romantic elements of the previous age are not disappeared but continued in the Victorian Age.
Halide Edip Adıvar?ın ?Seviyye Talip? ve Michael Cunningham?ın ?Saatler? eserlerinde kadının özgürlük arayışı
The present thesis examines the restrictive effects of patriarchal system and the female quest for freedom who try to get rid of these oppressions in the patriarchal Victorian and Ottoman societies by focusing on Michael Cunningham?s The Hours and Halide Edib Adıvar?s Seviyye Talip. The two novels are analyzed and evaluated by putting the feminist and comparative approach on the basis of the historical contexts and cultural traits of the mentioned countries. Feminism that forms the basic point for this thesis and the superiority relationship between men and women are analyzed and subsequently the transformations of the female identity from tradition to modernity in the West and Ottoman Empire are explained in the first part. In the second part; the personal life stories and women perceptions of Michael Cunningham; Virginia Woolf who is claimed to give him muse and Halide Edib Adıvar are studied in details with the analyses of causal connections. Afterwards, female quest for freedom in the Hours and Seviyye Talip is analyzed on different points. At the end of the thesis, it is concluded that in the east or west ? even if the periods are different - the patriarchal system and conservative constitutions related to the religious-cultural norms are universal and unavoidable factors for shepherding women towards freedom quest. As a result, it is also seen that Halide Edib Adıvar, a woman writer brought up in such a country, is exposed to the social norms of the mentioned period, as well, and she reflects her personal experiences in her works naturally. Similarly, Cunningham analyses women issue successfully thanks to his talent of empathy.Keywords: Patriarchal, Oppression, Freedom, Quest, Woman, Feminism, Struggle
The anti-militarist attitude of Virginia Woolf as a step that shapes her perception of feminism
The concrete aim of this thesis is to examine the debatable understanding of feminism of Virginia Woolf who was one of the most important woman writers of the 20th century and to analyze her anti-militarist attitude that constituted almost the core of her perception of feminism.The feminist conception of Virginia Woolf is found inconsistent and paradoxical because she sometimes carried out work supporting the feminist movement but she usually expressed her feelings against feminists. The matter stressed in the study is that Woolf did not only support the feminist ideology to prove women?s existence in the patriarchal society, but substantially upheld it to emphasize the great importance of women to prevent war. In the first chapter of our study, we touch upon the 20th century in which Virginia Woolf lived and the events that left a mark on the period by stressing especially the world wars. Besides, such prominent ideologies of the century as militarism, anti-militarism, feminism and anti-militarist feminism are put across. In the second chapter, the life of Virginia Woolf is examined within the frame of her experiences that prompted her to be a feminist and an anti-militarist. This chapter also includes how Woolf?s feminist and anti-militarist reflections redounded on some of her works. In the third chapter, Three Guineas, in which Virginia Woolf frankly exhibits her anti-militarist feminist attitudes, is analyzed. In the conclusion, it is deduced that the phenomenon of war, which took an important place in Woolf?s life and is clearly represented in her works, shapes her perception of feminism. Moreover, Woolf made use of feminist ideology as a method to prevent war.Keywords: Anti-militarism, Anti-militarist Feminism, Feminism, Militarism, Patriarchal Society, Three Guineas, War.
Students' attitudes towards theatrical plays use and its effects on vocabulary learning
The subject of teaching English has been one of the important issues in many books, articles or opinion papers explaining the reasons for using literature in language classes. Literature is an authentic and motivational material which helps to the students? linguistic and personal development with cultural enrichment which is asserted by researchers. Although language teachers are aware of the benefits of using literature in theory, they don?t use it ?consciously? practically. For that reason, to ?re-highlight? literature use in language classrooms this study is conducted in 2010-2011 education year, at a private language school in Kütahya, by participation of 14 A2 level students. Data collection of the research is twofold; descriptive and experimental. The descriptive part is made of an attitude questionnaire towards the using of literature, namely drama, in language classrooms. The experimental part is conducted in a ten-week period and a vocabulary test is used for searching students? vocabulary learning levels. The findings which are obtained from the instruments, are analyzed by SPSS programme. To find out the attitudes of students towards literature specially theatrical plays Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is carried out. To examine the different levels of vocabulary learning levels Mann-Whitney Rank Test is used. In all attitude questionnaires and vocabulary tests positive and significant results are found. Overall, students have positive attitudes towards the usage of literature ?theatrical plays- in language classrooms and using appropriate literary works help students to increase their vocabulary proficiency levels. Key words : Literature, Attitude, Theatrical Plays, Vocabulary Proficiency Level
EFL university students' attitudes toward teacher feedback and its significance
Writing is one of the four essential skills of language and should be improved in the course of learning a language. To enable this improvement, students' progress in L2 and foreign language writing should be supported through agents including teachers, peers, interactive course books, and the internet. Writing in L2 may be regarded as a challenging task for many students, and thus they may not feel properly equipped to write in a foreign language. This hesitancy on the part of students can be overcome through teacher feedback. However, teacher feedback can also cause students to feel inadequate when writing in L2. This study investigated the attitudes of university students learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) toward teacher feedback, and tried to ascertain these students' preferences for teacher feedback through questionnaires and interviews. The purpose of the study was to determine whether teacher feedback affects students' writing in L2, and to see whether there is a difference between male and female students' writing in L2. Moreover, this study aimed to determine what kinds of teacher feedback were preferred by the EFL university students. The outcomes of the analysis showed that a great number of the participants had a positive image of writing in L2 and receiving teachers' corrective feedback in L2 writing classes. It was also revealed that gender did not have a statistically significant effect on students' attitudes toward teacher feedback. Finally, our study discovered that most of the participants preferred implicit teacher feedback on the first draft, and expected explicit teacher feedback on the final draft. In conclusion, it can be said that teachers' corrective feedback does not slow the process of learning to write in English, and, furthermore, both male and female participants expect to receive teachers' corrective feedback. Key Words: Feedback, Writing Skill, Foreign Language Learning, Error Correction, Writing in L2
Hypostases of the Byronic hero
The present thesis focuses on Byronic Hero, its defining characteristic features representing the literary hypostases correlated within one literary pattern that justifies the literary validity of a definite character typology, which is, on one hand, Romantic, and, on the other hand, representative for a particular literary sensibility. In relation to this major aim of our research, mention should be made of other particular objectives of the thesis, such as the research, diachronic and synchronic, of those thematic elements that marked the consolidation of the Byronic Hero as a literary tradition; the critical and theoretical evaluation of the literary system of the Byroniö Hero, showing its alliance to the general European and English Romanticism; the evaluation of particular hypostases of the Byronic Hero through the textual approach to a number of major literary works {Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Manfred, Cain, and Don Juan); and the emphasis placed on literary reception and continuity, and on the importance of the Byronic Hero as a type of Romantic Hero, and as a major literary concern during Romanticism and its influence on further writing. The theoretical and methodological foundation of our study focuses on those exigencies of the contemporary scientific research that find their applicability as interpretative premises and modalities (theoretical and critical) that would allow the exposition and argumentation of the Byronic Hero as a literary system in itself, having its own specific thematic and structural elements. The principles and methods of research applied in our study are those used and applied by traditional and modem literary studies, and represent a combination of methods considered according to the material under research and the purpose of the study: philological, comparative;! typological, biographical, as well as a number of methods and principles related to text analysis, intertextuaiism, thematology, literary theory. The t structure of the thesis corresponds to the proposed objectives and consists of an introductory section, followed by, four chapters, each chapter comprising a number of subchapters, which are followed by a section of conclusions, representing our final reflections, and by the bibliography of literary texts and critical studies.CONTENTS ÖZET vii ABSTRACT jx INTRODUCTION,.,, 13 CHAPTER ONE THE RISE OF ROMANTIC HERO IN ENGLISH LITERATURE 1.1 English Romantic Literature: Beginnings and Consolidation of a Literary Pattern 16 1.2 The Romantic Revival and me Romantic Individualism 19 1.3 The Romantic Hero and Its Modes of Textual Representation: Escapism and Rebelliousness 21 1.4 The Byronic Hero and the Byronic Contribution to the Rise of the English Romantic Hero 22 CHAPTER TWO THE INTERACTION OF REBELLIOUSNESS AND ESCAPISM AS THE RISE AND FALL OF THE ROMANTIC HERO IN CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE 2.1 Author - Character - Narrator: Degrees of Identification and Separation » 25 2.2 Author - Character Identification as Expression of Romantic Rebelliousness 28 2.3 Author - Character Separation as Expression of Romantic Escapism..33 2.4 The Typology of Escapism in CMlde Harold's Pilgrimage as Expression of Authorial Misanthropy 36 t
Escapism in Victorian poetry
The present thesis focuses on escapism in Victorian Poetry, asrepresenting one of its major thematic concerns reified in a number of literarytexts belonging to such authors as Tennyson, Browning, Hopkins and others. Inrelation to this major aim of our research, in Chapter 1, entitled The Conditionof Victorian Poetry, we have attempted at discussing Victorian poetry in EnglishLiterature taking into consideration the dominance of Realistic fiction in theage, the continuation of Romantic features and the gaining patronage of its ownstatus. Chapter 2, entitled Escapism in Victorian Poetry on the Thematic Level,discusses those literary concerns, motives, points of view, spatial and temporalscenes, etc. that marked the consolidation of the idea of refuge as a majorthematic component in Victorian Poetry. Chapter 3, entitled Escapism inVictorian Poetry on the Structural Level, brings into discussion those structuraldevises, such as dramatic monologue, imagery, multiple identities, etc. thatmake possible the expression, through the poetic form, of the idea of refuge inVictorian Poetry.
The Myth of childhood in English romantic poetry
The present thesis, entitled The Myth of Childhood in English Romantic Poetry,is a research on the status of the archetypal child in its textual expression in the poemsof two English romantic writers, William Blake and William Wordsworth. The startingpoint of the present study is our view of the romantic concern with childhood as animportant literary tradition, whose thematic elements and textual implications allow itsconsideration as a literary myth of childhood centred around the archetype of child andexpressed primarily in the poems from Songs of Innocence and of Experience by Blake,as well as The Prelude and Ode. Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of EarlyChildhood by Wordsworth.In the first chapter of our study, entitled The Rise and Consolidation of the Mythof Childhood in Literature, we have attempted at discussing the archetype of child andits literary implications, childhood as a literary myth and the archetypal child assaviour, and, finally, the literary representation of child and childhood in Englishliterature. The following chapter, English Romantic Movement and the Concern withthe Experience of Childhood, presents the rise and consolidation of English RomanticMovement, and discusses childhood as a romantic concern in English poetry. Our finalchapter, entitled English Romantic Poetry as Argument, discusses the voices ofinnocence and experience in William Blake?s poetry, and William Wordsworth?sconcern with the growing human mind, revealing the ways in which these two romanticwriters dealt with the myth of childhood as an important thematic aspect of their works.
Computer-assisted literature teaching with emphasis on the short story
The present thesis focuses on the historical development of education, the teachingmethods, computer-assisted teaching in general, and the effect of the computerassisted literatureteaching with the aim of teaching language, in particular.In this thesis, an experimental study was carried out to show whether there is a significantdifference between the computer-assisted literature teaching and the traditional method inlanguage classrooms. It was hypothesized that the success of learners, who have been taughtliterature in the language classrooms with computer assisted teaching method, is higher than thesuccess of learners who have been taught with traditional teaching methods. This experimentalstudy was done with thirty-two students in the eleventh class in Tavsanlı Anatolian High Schooland Tavsanlı Anatolian Teacher?s Training High School in the eight week during the educationalyear of 2005- 2006. In this experimental study, 2-group pretest-posttest design was used. Therewere sixteen students in each group. After the random assignment, the group in TavsanlıAnatolian High School was chosen as the experimental group, and the group in TavsanlıAnatolian Teacher?s Training High School was chosen as the control group. In order to find outwhether there was a significant difference between the two groups or not pretest was applied tothe each group. Pre-test marks of the experimental group and the control group were checked,and, `t? test was applied to the data. It was understood that the two groups had had nearly thesame levels before studying with the computerassisted teaching or traditional method.The experimental group studied with computer-assisted learning method, and the controlgroup studied with the traditional method, and then the test sheet that had been used as pre-testwas used as post-test. `t? test was used to analyze the data of students? posttest grades. The resultsof the`t? test showed that there was not a significant difference between the two groups. Thus, thehypothesis of this thesis, ?the success of learners?, who have been taught literature in thelanguage classrooms with computer assisted teaching method, is higher than the success oflearners who have been taught with traditional teaching methods? could not be verified.
The epic in middle ages: A comparative study of the Anglo-Saxon "Beowulf" and Turkish "Oguz Khan"
This thesis represents a comparative analysis of Turkish epic Oguz Khan and Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf. Also, the concept of medieval epic is discussed on the basis of these two epics. The Anglo-Saxon Epic Beowulf, which has its roots in Scandinavia, is a fine example of Old English. Three tribes (Anglos, Saxons, Jutes) which migrate from Scandinavia to England brought their literary tradition with themselves. Beowulf is reinterpreted in England in the view of a new religion, and culture representing Christianity. However, despite the effects of Christianity, the rich pagan culture protects its references in the epic The Turkish Epic Oguz Khan, which has its origin in Middle Asia, is an output of a rich culture. As Turks bring this epic heritage wherever they migrate, the epic of Oguz Khan protects its vitality on a vast area. When Turks were converted to Islam, they reinterpreted Oguz Khan in the view of Islam but they also preserved the pagan version. Both epics reveal similarities in the aspect of universal epic tradition. Two epics depend on oral tradition and the bards are the mediators of this tradition. Oguz Khan and Beowulf are the narrations about a mighty hero in verse. Both epics are the literary production of two nations which migrate throughout Middle Ages. They are reinterpreted in the light of new religions (Christianity and Islam) and undergo some changes.
A structural approach to dead poets society
The scientific concern and the aim of the thesis constitute the structural and functional analysis of the film, Dead Poets Society according to Russian Formalist and folklorist Vladimir Propp?s methodology in his Morphology of the Folktale (1928). Such a purpose requires the development of a solid theoretical basis concerning narratological and structural implication of this methodological analysis, followed by the practical applicability of the theory to the textual analysis of the movie script of Dead Poets Society. The importance of the thesis is the creation of an original and new modality of approach to Dead Poets Society through one principle of research and evaluation, which is Vladimir Propp?s methodology in Morphology of the Folktale. Chapter 1, entitled Formalism and Vladimir Propp, brings into discussion the general theoretical and critical considerations of Russian Formalism and Vladimir Propp?s methodology in his Morphology of the Folktale. Chapter 2, entitled Structural and Functional Analysis of Dead Poets Society, points out the similarities and differences between Vladimir Propp?s theory that he discussed in Morphology of the Folktale and plot structure of the film, Dead Poets Society
Postmodern "historiographic metafiction"
The present thesis concentrates on postmodernism and postmodern fiction in general and postmodern ?historiographic metafiction? in particular. Our initial aim is to show the place of ?historiographic metafiction? in the typology of postmodern fiction. We make the analysis of the postmodern ?historiographic metafiction? in two chapters. In the first chapter, the definitions of the term `postmodernism? are given and postmodernism and modernism are studied comparatively in terms of the socio-cultural and literary perspectives. Moreover, socio-cultural and literary implications are analyzed in detailed within postmodernism itself. In the second chapter, the term ?historiographic metafiction? is defined in relation to Linda Hutcheon?s critical masterpiece A Poetics of Postmodernism which mostly constitutes the centre of our attention. Moreover, historical novel from which ?historiographic metafiction? seems to emerge is mentioned and analyzed in this study. A comparative analysis of the novels ? My Name is Red, French Lieutenant?s woman, The Magus, England, England, Flaubert?s Parrot, A Tomb For Boris Davidovich ? is made in terms of the thematic, narrative and structural perspectives. At the end of the thesis we can reach the conclusion that ?historiographic metaficiton? is one of the few types of the postmodern fiction which has established itself as a patterned system of thematic perspectives, as well as an outstanding one with extraordinary, unconventional and unusual themes and narrative techniques
Probable use of technology by ancient deities
When the stories of antiquity are examined, it is seen that many items related with ancient gods are quite similar to the products of the modern science. In the present master?s thesis, the probable technologies in the mythologies of ancient Egypt, Greece, India, Mesopotamia, and Scandinavia are studied and listed, and their resemblance with the products of modern technology are exposed. The 6000 years old stories of gods include some interesting devices and tools such as the textile products, automatic weapon mechanisms, beings or machines whose descriptions are analogous to robots, the doors self-moving through sensing the motion and the voice. Those stories describe the palaces of the gods as the wonders of Architecture. Some crystalline materials of the constructions show hologram effect. Some of them appear as the cities in the sky and a few are the underwater constructions and also on land. To reach the celestial cities, gods use celestial cars which are able to move in air, sea, and on land as well as in the interplanetary medium. They can also be used in the battles as war crafts which are loaded with powerful weapons, able to make different manoeuvres, and sometimes unseen in the sky. Moreover, there are some depictions of the very powerful weapons such as beam weapons, mass destruction weapons, biological, chemical, and acoustic weapons. The ancient gods are also the sources of the medical and genetic knowledge. They are both teachers and performers of surgical operations, drug formations from herbs and animals and also minerals. The ancient gods also own regenerative power. The sustenance of immortality and the ability to regenerate are the examples, which are parallel to the modern technology of stem cells. Gods also creates many monsters and chimerical beings in these stories. The modern science of Genetics theoretically supposes the possibility of the creation of monster-sons of gods and chimerical beings. The fertilization processes; the division of the embryo and its transfer to a different womb, the birth from an unfertile mother; which are all very similar to the modern techniques in fertilization, also emerge as the examples of the gods? probable use of medical technology.
H. G. Wells's dystopic vision of (trans/post) humanist encounters in the Island of Doctor Moreau and the Time Machine
The last two centuries' technological and scientific progress have caused ruptures in the life of man, which is a harbinger of a philosophical transition from human-centrism to the transhumanist, posthumanist, eco-critical and futurist philosophies of life and existence. These theories are in a growing tendency of condemning and subverting the hierarchies among species and their artificial boundaries, an example of which can be observed in posthumanism's Post-anthropocentric and Ecocritical stance in describing ideological and biological relationships in life through the Deleuzian concept of rhizome. The challenging definitions of the human condition and its connections in a world that witnessed unprecedented scientific, political and philosophical changes influenced and shaped literature unprecedently at the turn of the twentieth century. In this context, this thesis aims to analyse Wells's dystopic Visions of (Trans/Post)Humanist encounters in The Island of Doctor Moreau and in The Time Machine. Wells envisions the future of humanity in his science fiction and other scientific romances as an eminent representative of the fin de siècle British literature, addressing and representing the concerns and fears of the period and envisioning a complicated future for the human race and its ideologies. Key Words: Posthumanism, transhumanism, identity, science, liminality, H. G. Wells.
The posthuman condition in Kazuo Ishiguro's dystopian novels: Never Let Me Go and Klara and the Sun
Posthumanism is a new mode of understanding the concept of humans along with the inter-relationality of all species bringing forth equally shared rights among human and nonhuman agencies. Regardless of class division or marginalized others, posthumanism brings together all species at a common point such as the zoe-based subjectivity of Rosi Braidotti, the cyborg of Donna Haraway and the intra-action agency of Karen Barad to name the rhizomatic relationality and dual logic between human/nonhuman, nature/artificial, mind/body and organic/inorganic that is grounded on the classical humanism's principles. Regarding this, dystopian fictions present a perfect example of the excluded party of the binaries as in Kazuo Ishiguro's speculative dystopian novels; Never Let Me Go (2005) and Klara and the Sun (2021) where the narrators are clones and artificial intelligence offering a chance to empathize with nonhuman beings who are discarded from society and dehumanised. The purpose of their creation is to save the ruling class's lives at the cost of their lives as low-class of people are outside of privileged positions. Bearing in mind all of these statements, this thesis will track down the posthuman condition in Never Let Me Go and Klara and the Sun challenging the inequality between the different species. While doing this, this dissertation discusses the collapsed wall between the human, animals and machines coming up with posthuman subjectivity as a joint stakeholder. Keywords: Posthumanism, Posthuman Condition,, Kazuo Ishiguro, Never Let Me Go, Klara and the Sun.
Çeviribilimde sömürgecilik-sonrası dönemeç: Çeviriyle sömürgeleştirilenin çeviriyle özgürleştirilme çabası
Bu doktora tezinin ana amacı, tarihsel ve ideolojik bağlamıyla Sömürgecilik-Sonrası kuramı incelemek ve bu kuramların çeviribilime yansımalarını tartışarak katkılarını belirlemektir. Bu doğrultuda tezde öncelikli olarak İspanya, Fransa ve İngiltere'nin sömürgecilik girişimleri ana hatlarıyla anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölümde tez; Edward Said, Homi Bhabha ve Gayatri C. Spivak üzerinden Sömürgecilik-Sonrası kuramın temellerini ve gelişimini özetler. Üçüncü bölümde Sömürgecilik-Sonrası yaklaşımlarda ve çeviribilime bu yaklaşımların yansımasında öne çıkan kavramlar tartışılmıştır. Burada kavramlar, eleştiri noktaları ve olumlayıcı noktalar olarak ayrılmıştır ve örneklerle somutlaştırılmıştır. Özellikle yazın çevirisi odaklı olan bu örnekler kültürel çeviri ve ideolojik çeviri örneklerini de içermektedir. Tezin ekler bölümünde yer alan Terimce kısmında, yerli terminolojide henüz karşılığı oluşturulmamış ya da konu yerli alana yabancı olduğu için üzerinde fikir birliğine varılmamış kimi terimlere karşılık bulunmuştur. Sözlükçe kısmı da benzer bir düşünceyle oluşturularak küçük örnekler ve basit bir dille söz konusu terimler açıklanmıştır. Sömürgecilik-Sonrası çevir yaklaşımlarında sıkça geçen Yerlileştirici-Yabancılaştırıcı çeviri önerilerinin ne tür bir farklılık yaratacağını somutlaştırmak amacıyla, Necip Mahfuz'un Şevk Sarayı adlı eserinin ilk iki bölümünün Türkçeden İngilizceye yapılmış çevirileri de ekler kısmına alınmıştır.Sömürgecilik-Sonrası yaklaşımlarda çokça geçen melezlik kavramı, bu tezde güncel kültürel ve yazınsal çeviri uygulmalarıyla ilintilendirilmiştir. Böylece özcü özne-nesne inşası, kutuplaştırıcı politikalar, erek-kaynak metinlerin birbirine zıt unsurlar olarak kurulması eleştirilmiş, eşdeğerlik kavramının melezlik üzerinden açıklanan bulgularla yeniden düşünülmesi önerilmiştir. Yapısökümcü çeviri önerileri, çevirmen görünürlüğüne ve eşdeğerlik anlayışına farklı bakış açıları sunmaktadır. Tezin, Sömürgecilik-Sonrası yaklaşımları yerli araştırma dünyasına daha tanıdık hale getirerek yeni sorgulamalara yön vermesi beklenmektedir.
Yan-metinsellik ve metinlerarasılık odağında yeniden çeviriler: İki distopik roman
Bu tez çalışmasında, çeviribilimde yeni bir araştırma konusu oluşturan "yeniden çevirinin" savları mercek altına alınarak varsayımsal doğası ortaya koyulmaya ve yeniden çeviride çevirmen varlığının izleri sürülmeye çalışılmaktadır. Yeniden çevirinin dinamikleri arasında, çevirmenin yerini saptamaya çabalarken "yan-metinsellik" ve "metinlerarasılık" bağlamında çeviride metinlerarasılığın ve çevirmenin "metinlerarasılık bagajının" önemine dikkat çekilmektedir. Tez dört ana bölümden oluşmaktadır: "yeniden çeviri", "metinlerarasılık ve çeviride metinlerarasılık", "birinci durum çalışması olarak Brave New World" ve "ikinci durum çalışması olarak Darkness at Noon."
Pierre Charras'ın On Etait Heureux Les Dimanches adlı romanının çevirisi ve çeviri sürecinin değerlendirilmesi
Çalışmamız son dönemin ödüllü Fransız yazarlarından Pierre Charras'ın Pazarları mutluyduk adlı kitabının çevirisini ve bu çevirinin incelenmesini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmamızın önsöz bölümünde Pierre Charras ve kitapları tanıtılmaktadır. Bunu yazarın Komedyen, On dokuz saniye ve Pazarları Mutluyduk isimli kitaplarının birbiriyle karşılaştırılması ve yazarın anlatım biçimini belirleyen temel özelliklerin saptanması izlemiştir. Çalışmamızın giriş bölümünde bizi yazınsal çeviri yapmaya iten etmenler üzerinde durduk. Kimi yazar ve kuramcıların konuyla ilgili düşüncelerine de yine bu bölümde yer verilmiş, her birinin savunduğu farklı çeviri anlayışları üzerinde durulmuştur. Yazarların düşünceleri yapılan alıntılarla desteklenmiştir. Giriş bölümünü romanın çevirisi takip etmektedir. Çeviriden sonra çeviri metinden sonra çeviri sürecinin bir değerlendirmesi olan ve çeviri boyunca karşılaştığımız güçlüklerin incelendiği ?çeviri sürecinin değerlendirilmesi? başlıklı bölüm gelmiştir. Bu bölüm ise yazar üslubundan ve dillerin farklılığından doğan sorunlar ve dilsel-kültürel olmak üzere bölümlere ayrılmıştır. Dilsel-kültürel sorunlar kendi içinde dipnotlar ve dile özgü kullanım biçimleri olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Bu bölümlerde hem kültür hem de dil yapısındaki farklılıkların çevirmen için yaratabileceği sorunlar üzerinde durulmakta, sorunlar örneklerle açıklanarak bu sorunların nasıl çözümlendiği gösterilmektedir. Aynı türden sorunlara çeviri süreci boyunca birden çok kez rastlandığından her tip sorun için sadece bir örnek verilmiştir. Çalışmamızı çeviri edimi üstüne olan düşüncelerimiz ve çeviri yapmanın ilerde mesleklerinde profesyonelleşmek isteyen çevirmen adaylarına getirisi üzerinde durduk.
Jean-Paul Sartre'ın Erostrate adlı öyküsünün Türkçe ve İngilizce çevirilerinin anlamın oluşturulması bakımından incelenmesi
Bu çalışma, Jean-Paul Sartre'ın Duvar adlı öykü kitabında yer alan Erostrate adlı öyküsünün Türkçe ve İngilizce çevirilerinin anlamın oluşturulması bakımından karşılaştırılmasını konu almaktadır. İncelememiz edebiyat yapıtında anlam arayışının açıklandığı giriş bölümünden, Erostrate adlı öykünün Türkçe'deki dört çevirisinin ve İngilizce'deki iki çevirsinin metin-bozan dizgeler genel adı altında toplanan biçim-bozan ve anlam-bozan dizgelerle çözümlendiği gelişme bölümünden ve ulaştığımız sonuçların ele alındığı sonuç bölümünden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde yazın eserinde anlam arayışında benimsenen farklı görüşlerin kısaca tanımı yapılmıştır. Çevirilerin çözümlenmesi bölümünde önce metin-bozan dizgeler kısaca açıklanmış, ardından İngilizce ve Türkçe çeviri metinlerden örnekler verilerek bu dizgelerin özgün metnin anlamı üzerindeki etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılması sağlanmıştır. Metin-bozan dizgelerin birinci kolu olan biçim-bozan dizgeler altında çeviri metinler sırasıyla Antoine Berman tarafından geliştirilen mantıksallaştırma, açıklama, uzatma, yüceltme ve bayağılaştırma, nitel ve nicel zayıflama, ritim bozulması, türdeşleştirme, derin yapıdaki anlam ağlarının yok edilmesi başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise çeviri metinler Antoine Berman'ın metin-bozan dizgeleri ışığında Doç. Dr. Sündüz Öztürk Kasar tarafından geliştirilen ve tanımlanan anlam-bozan dizgeler altında sırasıyla anlamın yok edilmesi, bulanıklaştırılması, çarpıtılması ve kaydırılması başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde çeviri metinler, metin-bozan dizgeler genel adı altındaki biçim-bozan ve anlam-bozan dizgelere maruz kalma, özgün metindeki anlamı ve üslûbu oluşturma dereceleri, kaynak dile ve hedef dile sadık çeviri anlayışını benimsemeleri açısından ayrı ayrı ve karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmişlerdir.
Raymond Queneau'nun "Zazie Dans le Metro" romanının Türkçe çevirisinin toplumsal bağlamda eleştirisi
Günümüzde, çeviribilim alanında yapılan kuramsal çalısmalar sayesinde gelinen noktada; çeviri, kültürel üretim alanları arasında yer alan yazın alanında önemli bir pratiktir. Bu baglamda Pierre Bourdieu'nün pratik eylem kuramının yabancı yapıtların uluslararası dolasımını saglaması açısından çeviri pratigine uygulanmasının toplumsal baglamda çeviri elestirisine katkısı büyüktür. Alan, habitus, yatkınlık, eyleyici ve simgesel sermaye gibi kavramları kapsayan pratik eylem kuramına göre; yazar Raymond Queneau, çevirmen Tahsin Yücel ve çıkıs metni yayıncısı Gallimard Yayınları, Türkçe varıs metnini yayınlayan Can Yayınları ve Sel Yayıncılık gibi eyleyicilerin yatkınlıklarıyla yazın alanındaki savasımlarında önemli bir role sahip olduklarını görüyoruz. Söz konusu tez çalısmasının amacı, ?Zazie dans le métro? romanının Türkçeye çevirisini odaga alarak, çeviri pratigine katılan farklı eyleyicilerin kültürel üretim alanları arasında bulunan yazın ve yayıncılık alanları içindeki hiyerarside konumlarını ortaya koymak; buna baglı olarak eyleyicilerin yazın ve yayıncılık alanı basta olmak üzere, farklı alanlarda sahip oldukları yatkınlıkların ve savasımların bu sürece nasıl yansıdıgını görmektir. Ayrıca tezimizin konusu geregi Raymond Queneau'nun yapıtı çıkıs metni ?Zazie dans le métro? tür olarak Yeni Roman akımı ve Oulipo - Potansiyel Edebiyat sligi- çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. ?Zazie dans le métro?da yer alan biçimsel unsurlar, metinlerarası göndermeler ile argo dil kullanımı örneklerini çıkıs metninde belirleyerek, bunları varıs metnindeki çevirileriyle karsılastırmak ve böylece yazarın yazınsal yatkınlıkları dogrultusunda çevirmenin seçimlerini görmek de tezin amaçları arasında degerlendirilebilir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Zazie dans le métro, alan, habitus, eyleyici, çeviri pratigi, Raymond Queneau, Tahsin Yücel, Can Yayınları, Sel Yayıncılık.
Avrupa birliği'ne üye ülkelerin üniversitelerindeki Sokrates (LLP) programlarını yürüten birimlerin yapısal olarak incelenmesi ve bir modelleme çalışması
Bir çok öğrenci ve öğretim elemanı; Avrupa Birliği ve üye ülkelerin de katılımıyla gerçekleşen, Yüksek Öğretim Kurumlarının dahil olabildiği, Sokrates (LLP) Değişim Programından faydalanmaktadırlar. 1987'de temelleri atılan proje, ilk önce Sokrates-Erasmus ismiyle hayata geçirilmiştir. Günümüzde, yeni ismiyle yeni bir yedi yıllık döneme başlanmıştır. Proje; 2007-2013 akademik yılları arasında ?Hayat Boyu Öğrenme Programı? (Life Long Learning Programme) adı altında faaliyet gösterecektir. Eğitim alanında fırsat eşitliği, farklı kültür ve dillerin öğrenimi, Avrupa yurttaşlığı ilkelerini benimseyen bu programın bütçesi, Avrupa Birliği tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Projenin, ülkeler bazındaki bilgi ve ana yetkili merkezi her ülkede bir adet bulunan Ulusal Ajanslardır. Projenin başarıya ulaşması için Ulusal Ajansların da rollerinin araştırılması gerekmektedir. Temel araştırma sorusu; bu birimlerin yapısal olarak incelenerek, yaptıkları çalışmaların, gerçekleştirilen değişim hareketliliği üzerindeki etkisini saptamaktır. İncelenen veriler içerisinde bulunan, öğrenci ve öğretim elemanı hareketliliğiyle ilgili olan sayısal veriler, doğrudan elde edilmemiş, Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından hazırlanan istatistiksel tablolar esas alınmıştır. İnceleme yapılırken tüm verilerin güvenilir ve doğru oldukları varsayılmıştır. Ulusal Ajanslar ile ilgili veri tabloların hazırlanmasında ?yerleşik kuram?dan ve ?basit-tesadüfi örnekleme? modellerinden yararlanılmıştır. Ampirik bilgiden yola çıkılmış, bu kavramlara ağırlık verilerek bir genelleme yapılma yoluna gidilmemiştir. Yapılan betimsel çalışma sonucunda, programın başarısı ve Ulusal Ajansların internet üzerindeki yapıları arasında doğru orantılı bir sonuca ulaşılamamıştır. Veri karşılaştırmalarının ortaya koyduğu önemli nokta, bir ülkenin değişim hareketliliğinde başarıya ulaşması için, sahip olduğu Ulusal Ajans'ın internet sitesinin de öngörülen tüm kriterlerinin tamam olması gerekliliği taşımamasıdır. Sonuç olarak; ülke başarısı ile Ulusal Ajans başarısı arasında doğrudan bir bağlantı bulunamamıştır.
Traduction de certains chapitres du livre d'Aymil Doğan ?sözlü çeviri, çalışmaları ve uygulamaları? et stratégie de traduction
Eğitim Fransızca olarak veren bir üniversitede 10 yıldır Istanbul'da çalışmaktayım; türk diliyle ilgim giderek artmıştır özellikle sözel olarak türkçeden ana dilim fransızcaya çevirmek dikkatimi çekmiştir.Aymil Doğan'ın kitabın sayesinde sözlü çevirinin bazı noktalarına değmiş oldum. Sözlü çevirinin sürecini anlamak amacıyla, bu kitabın en dikkat çekici bölümlerini çevirmeye karar aldım.Bu kitabın ?Giriş? bölümündeki (1-8 arası sayfalar) yer alan en önemli konular ışıklandırılmıştır; bu bölümü çevirdikten sonra, sözlü çevirinde kullanılan en önemli modeller ve zihinsel süreçlerini mercek altına aldım; ayrıca çeviriyle birlikte getirilen olumsuzlukları gidermek için geliştirilmiş stratejilere odaklandım.(yedinci bölüm :165-174 arası sayfalar).Sözlü çeviri sürecinin yürütülmesinde yer alan bilgilerin depolanması ve geri çağırılması en iyi şekilde yapılabilmesi için, belleğin çok önemli bir rol aldığı ortaya çıkmıştır ve bu nedenle bellek bu sürecin anahtar noktası olarak kararlaştırılmıştır.Tüm çevirilerde gerektiği gibi, çeviri stratejisi de seçmiş oldum.Aymil Doğan'ın kitabının konusu uzman olan seçilmiş bir kitleye hitap ettiği için, hedef kitle olan bir stratejiyi kullanmaya karar aldım.Notlar:bu kitabın seçilen bölümlerdeki yer alan tüm şekiller ve tablolarının sadece bir kısmı Fransızcaya çevirilmiştir; Sözlü çeviriyi en iyi şekilde anlatan modeller seçilip son versiyonda görülmektedir.Anahtar kelimer:sözlü çeviri, bellek, hedef kitle stratejisi.özlü çeviriyle ilgili bir kitabın bazı bölümlerini çevirisi ve onunla ilgili benimsenen çevirisi stratejisi bulunmaktadır.
Türkiye'deki yüksek öğretim kurumlarında erasmus değişim programlarını yürüten birimlerin kurumsal yapılarının incelenmesi ve bir modelleme çalışması
Avrupa Birliği Eğitim Programları, Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından uygulamaya konulan ve Avrupa Birliği'ne üye ve aday ülkeler arasında genel ve mesleki eğitimin her alanında değişim gerçekleştirmeyi hedeflemektedirler. Bu programlardan genel eğitime yönelik olan Sokrates'in alt alanını kapsayan Erasmus Programı yüksek öğretimde Avrupa'da karşılıklı öğrenci ve öğretim elemanı değişimlerini sağlamaktadır. Avrupa'da 1995 yılında temelleri atılan program, Türkiye'de 2002 yılında uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Programların tanıtımı ve koordinasyonu Türkiye genelinde Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı bünyesinde kurulan Ulusal Ajans tarafından yapılmaktadır. Türkiye'deki yüksek öğretim kurumları kendi bünyelerinde Erasmus Koordinatörlüklerini kurarak, Erasmus Programı kapsamında öğrencilerin, öğretim elemanlarının ve ortak yapılan çalışmaların ve projelerin akademik olarak tanınmasını sağlamaktadır.Tez çalışmamızda, Türkiye'deki Erasmus Koordinatörlüklerinin kurumsal yapıları üzerine betimleyici bir çalışma gerçekleştirmeyi amaçlıyoruz. Türkiye'deki üniversitelerin tümünü incelemek mümkün olmadığı için, araştırmamızda 2005?2006 eğitim-öğretim yılında Ulusal Ajans tarafından yapılan sıralamada en fazla değişim gerçekleştiren yirmi üniversitenin Erasmus Koordinatörlükleri üzerine yoğunlaşacağız. Bu birimlere ait internet siteleri incelenerek, öncelikle kurumsal yapılarının oluşmasını ve gelişmesini sağlayan nitel ve nicel değişkenleri belirleyeceğiz. Sırasıyla, gelen yabancı öğrencilere yönelik düzenlenen Oryantasyon Programını, bu bağlamda düzenlenen çalışmaları, giden öğrencinin tercih ettiği ülkeleri, bu konudaki seçimlerini yönlendiren faktörleri ve son olarak da Erasmus Koordinatörlüklerine ait internet sitelerinde bulunması gereken bilgileri inceleyeceğiz. Betimleyici çalışmanın sonunda, sözü edilen değişkenlerin Erasmus Programı uygulaması üzerindeki etkilerine değineceğiz. Tezimizin son bölümünde ise, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Avrupa Birliği Ofisi'ne yönelik bir modelleme önerisi ve iç sorgulama çalışması gerçekleştirileceğiz. 2005?2006 yılından bu yana söz konusu birimin kurumsal yapısının gelişimini inceleyerek, yapının üstün ve zayıf yönlerini belirleyeceğiz. Çalışmamızı, bu birimin kurumsal yapısının gelişmesini sağlayacak öneriler sunarak sonlandıracağız.
Polisistem kuramına göre Türkiye`de 1940`lı yıllar çeviri etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi
POLİSİSTEM KURAMINA GÖRE TÜRKİYE'DE 1940'LI YILLAR ÇEVİRİ ETKİNLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Pınar Güzelyürek Fransızca Mütercim Tercümanlık, Yüksek Lisans Tezi İsrail'de Tet-Aviv Üniversitesi'nde yazın kuramı ve karşılaştırmalı yazın profesörü oiaj'ak görev yapan Prof. Itamar Even-Zohar, 1970 yılında oluşturmuş olduğu çoğuldizge kuramıyla çeviri edimine ekinsei açıdan yaklaşarak çok geniş bakış açısı oluşturmuştur. Kuramcı, çeviri olgusuna hem eşsüremli hem de artsüremli düzeyde yaklaşmakta, böylelikle çevirinin tarihsel boyat udu göz ardı etmemektedir, Çoğuldizge kulununda bir ekin içerisinde başka birçok çoğuldizge olduğu gibi yazın çoğuldizgesi de yer almaktadır ve çeviri yazın da bu yazın çoğuldizgesinin ayrılmaz bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu yazın çoğuldizgesinde çeviri yazın kimi dönemlerde merkez konumunda bulunmaktadır. Bu durumda, yerli yazının oluşumunda çeviri yazının büyük katkılar» onmaktadır. Türkiye'de 1940'lı yıllarda, Milli Eğitim Bakanı Hasan Ali Yücel döneminde, ülkeyi çağdaş uygarlık düzeyine taşımak amacıyla yoğun ve sistemli bir çeviri etkinliği gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mim Eğitim Bakanlığı bünyesinde Tercüme Bürosu kurulmuş ve buruda temel Batı klâsikleri çevrilmiştir. Yine, Tercüme Bürosu'nun yayın organı olarak Tercüme Dergisi kurulmuş ve büroda yapılan çalışmalar, çeviri eleştirileri ve yöntemleri üzerine yazılar yayınlanmıştır. 1940' u yulardaki çeviri etkinliği çoğuldizge kuramına göre değerlendirildiğinde, bu dönemdeki çeviri etkinliğinin merkez kopuntunda yer aldığı gözlenmektedir, çünkü bu olay yerli yazının oluşmasında, yazına yeni türlerin girmesinde başlıca etken olmuştur. Bunun dışında, 1940'lı yıllara göre çoğuldizge kuramı değerlendirildiğinde, bu dönemde yapılan çeviriler'in Even-Zohar'ın çoğuldizge kuramı oluşturduğu ilk dönemlerde öngördüğü gibi "doğal" olarak merkez kopuntunu almamışlardır. Bu dönemdeki çeviri etkinliği, devlet tarafından merkez konumuna getirilmiştir. Ancak, kuramcı daha sonradan yapmış olduğu çalışmalarda ekin planlaması kavramını açıklayarak, doğal olmayan süreçleri de çoğuldizge kuramı kapsamına almıştır. Türkiye örneği de bu yolla bu kuram kapsamı içine girmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: çeviri, çoğuldizge, 1940'h yıllar, merkez ve çevre, ekin ve yazın, Tercüme Bürosu. iv
Pierre Charras'ın Dix-Neuf Secondes adlı yapıtının çevirisi ve çeviri sürecinin değerlendirilmesi
Bu çalışma ana hatlarıyla Pierre Charras'ın Dix-neuf secondes adlı yapıtım Fransızca'dan Türkçe'ye çevirmeden önce gerçekleştirilen göstergebilimsel bir çözümlemeden, romanın Fransızca'dan Türkçe'ye çevirisinden ve çeviri aşamasında karşılaşılan sorunları ve bunların ne şekilde aşıldığını aktaran bir sonuç bölümünden oluşmaktadır. Yazınsal çeviri öncesinde yapılan çözümlemede, söylemin düzenlenişi, anlatı evreninin kesitlere ayrılışı, anlatıcılar ve bakış açıları, söylem teknikleri, romanın temel, anlatı izlenceleri ve öznelerin konumlan ve geçirdiği dönüşümler incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda yer alan çeviri sürecinin anlatıldığı bölümde, çeviri aşamasında karşılaşılan dil sorunları, ekinsel bağlama göndermeler, eylem zamanlarının çevirisine ilişkin sorunlar değerlendirilmekte ve bunlarla ilgili verilen örnekler yer almaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yazınsal çeviri, göstergebilimsel çözümleme, çeviri sorunları JÜRİ: 1. 1. Doç. Dr. SündüzÖZTÜRK KASAR Kabul tarihi: 05.07.2004 2. 2. Doç. Dr. Emine Bogenç DEMÎREL Sayfa sayısı: 230 3. 3. Doç. Dr. Nedret ÖZTOKAT
Political and psychological aspects of submission in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
This thesis aims to focus on the psychological and political aspects of the dominant ideology in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and to explore the psychological motives behind the societys submissiveness to the oppressive nature of totalitarianism. In this regard, firstly, the basis for the main character's, Winston Smith's, so-called rebellion and his position as a resistant figure in society are questioned in tandem to reveal the network of power relations in the novel. Secondly, the ideological ground of the citizens' subordination to the ruling ideology is explored in relation to the
Teachers' self-efficacy and classroom management skills in EFL classrooms
The purpose of this study was to determine secondary and high school English language teachers? self-efficacy for classroom management in English as a foreign language communication, to investigate teachers? opinions about misbehaviour, to find the causes of misbehaviour and to examine the teachers? handling ways of misbehaviour in classroom management.The present study was conducted at the end of the autumn semester of 2007-2008 academic year in Kahramanmaraş. 120 English language teachers working in different secondary and high schools participated in the study. The data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative in design. The findings were collected through two questionnaires and an interview. The relationship between English language teachers? self-efficacy for classroom management was measured through the questionnaires administered tp teachers. Interview and classroom management questionnaire were carried out with 4 participants chosen provided insight into teachers? feelings, experiences and practices concerning classroom management.The data revealed that there was no significant difference between secondary and high school English language teachers? self-efficacy for classroom management in EFL communication and the perceptions of English language teachers? misbehaviour and its causes shared similarities and slight differences.
Determining the role of digital literacy in EFL teaching in regard to the views of Turkish EFL teachers
Digital technologies facilitate interaction with individuals, family, and friends continuously, due to the busy barriers nowadays, individuals can not communicate directly and meet each other. Therefore, digital literacy (DL) is considered as one of the fundamental abilities in the 21st century and in this modern era for working as well as living properly. Since the influence and implementation of novel digital tools are shifting the education system rapidly and continuously, so it has opened a new gate for teachers to overcome the complexities and achieve efficient results in their instruction. Accordingly, English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers have a very essential role in this digital world and they are required to have enough competence in utilizing kinds of current digital tools related to their instruction. So, the utilization of digital technology is a capability that must be obtained, maintained, and improved constantly by individuals and mainly EFL teachers. With the significance of this issue, this study aimed to be conducted through qualitative research and focus group discussion (FGD) collecting data tools, to determine the role of digital literacy in EFL teaching in regard to the views of Turkish EFL teachers. In line with the aim of this study, the research questions are the following: 1. What does digital literacy mean to (secondary & high) school EFL teachers? 2. How does the digital literacy level of (secondary & high) school EFL teachers affect their teaching? 3. What are the facilities of using digital tools in (secondary & high) school level of EFL teaching? 4. What are the challenges of using digital tools in (secondary & high) school level of EFL teaching? The present study was conducted with 18 EFL teachers that they participated voluntarily, (9 from secondary and 9 from high) school worked at different state schools in Elazığ. They were selected randomly to meet the trustworthiness of the study. Accordingly, Nvivo 12 software was used to analyse the data. The obtained results indicated noteworthy information about secondary and high school Turkish EFL teachers. For the first research question, both groups of participating teachers defined digital literacy as their different points of view. Related to the operational definition which was the study's model it was found that although they were sufficient of using digital devices, however, some of them did not have enough information about professional digital literacy. The second research question proved that the level of secondary school (SS) teachers were higher than the high school (HS) teachers one of the possible satisfactory explanations of the HS teachers that they did not feel competent enough was due to the ever-changing technologies of nowadays. Findings for the third and the fourth research questions noted that even though digital tools facilitate EFL teaching in some ways as the teachers confirmed, they faced many challenges while using digital tools in their instruction. Finally, based on the results of the current study some recommendations are given.
Bioethical Arguments in Jeanette Winterson's Frankissstein: A Love Story
Biotechnological developments caused various concerns in society after the Second World War, and as a result, a new field of study called bioethics has emerged to discuss the concerns created by these biotechnological developments. This field is also heavily influenced by the arguments regarding biotechnological concerns in literary works. The aim of this study is to show that Frankissstein: A Love Story, published in 2019 by Jeanette Winterson, can be a reference for these bioethical discussions. This study consists of three main chapters, except for the introduction and conclusion parts. The first chapter of this study introduces some information about bioethics and bioethical principles. The importance of literary works for bioethicists is also taken into consideration in this chapter. Then the bioethical concerns addressed in Frankissstein: A Love Story are discussed in the second chapter. The second chapter includes seven parts each dedicated to a different bioethical concern found in the novel, and it introduces some theoretical information about these concerns before addressing how they are discussed in the novel. The final chapter deals with the reasons why the bioethical responsibilities are neglected by Victor Frankenstein and Victor Stein. By doing so, this study aims to investigate how bioethical awareness is revealed in a literary work.