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Symbolic violence: Reproduction of gender inequality in Turkish media: Case of "New Bride" television serial
Violence in symbolic form is more consequential in reproduction and perpetuation of social inequalities and hierarchies than physical one. Of the mass media, especially television, with the capacity to access to almost every household and produce a great amount and variety of cultural commodities, has great power to construct social order, thus functions as an agent of socialisation. Despite the fact that internet technology is highly developed and penetrated into our lives, television is still one of the major free time activities in Turkish society. Television serials cover a substantial amount of prime time hours and become an important daily ritual for many audiences. The plight of gender inequality to this day remains grim reality in Turkish society and televisions, as one of the primary agents of socialisation, matters a lot in this regard. Bourdieu as a sociologist, anthropologist and philosopher, strived for getting a deep insight into how social order and structure is constructed and reproduced with a reflexive sociological view in modern capitalist societies. He established the theories of symbolic violence, capital, habitus, which are interrelated and embraced together. The research analyses how "New Bride" television serial reproduces gender inequality by wielding symbolic violence. The research adopts qualitative content analysis technique, which is commonly and frequently used in media studies. The research analyses the latent content of the serial for the nature of Bourdieu's theory of symbolic violence. "New Bride" television serial is the unit of the content analysis. "Symbolic violence" is the main category and "sexual division of labour and space, exclusion from public space, androcentric vision, bodily emotions, symbolic dependence, love of dominant, ancien regime" are the subcategories in the coding frame. The research reveals that "New Bride" television serial involves in large part symbolic violence and thus contributes to reproduction of gender inequality.
Reliability of social media in reaching news
Media and technology have evolved together throughout the history of mankind. Historically, news has evolved from an early oral stage to the industrial era of radical innovation. With innovation of telegraph and printing press, news entered into a new phase in terms of content and form. With the emergence of Internet at the stage, news is transforming once more in the domain of social media. With the help of technological development especially internet technology, social media have become a public sphere for ordinary people to produce and consume news, yet there are some negative implications such as fake news. Therefore, the reliability of social media becomes a hot topic of media studies and this needs to be analyzed. This study was conducted on social media users in order to analyze the reliability of news and to test 10 hypotheses. In the study, a questionnaire was formed with 22 items that were contained 7 demographics and 15 questions related to social media news and conducted among 435 social media users. Data collected from the survey with the contribution of SPSS program was interpreted by Mann Whitney U Test, Kruskal Wallis Test and Spearman correlation. Data from the research reveal that the reasons to use social media as to prefer it for different views and comments, to reach alternative news, to prefer news and persons that are closer to users` own view increase the reliability of news accordingly.
Turkish women image in German print media: Critical discourse analysis of the news of Der Spiegel Magazine between 2017-2020
After the second half of the 20th century, due to the labor shortage in post-war Germany, Labor Migration Agreement was signed between Germany and Turkey in 1961. As these groups of Turkish workers who came as guest workers stayed in Germany and thrived for generations. Turkish population of nearly one and a half million has been emerged in Germany as a result of this immigration. Thus, the position of Turks in the German media is significant. Within the scope of this study, Turkish-origin women and Turkish women-themed news of Der Spiegel magazine related to the years between 2017 and 2020 were analyzed. Filtered articles are examined in detail in macrostructure analysis based on Teun A. van Dijk's critical discourse analysis theory. It is aimed to conduct an interdisciplinary analysis by making use of different fields such as translation, linguistics, semiotics, psychology, discourse analysis and imagology in order to evaluate images and discourses. The results of the analysis have shown that there were 41 negative women representations while there were only 17 positive images of Turkish women. Turkish women are predominantly represented, as individuals who are exposed to male violence cannot stand on their ground by themselves, are under family pressure, cannot make decisions of their own free will, have still integration problems, and do not know the German language and culture. It is explicit that Turkish women were relatively represented in a negative way in Der Spiegel magazine based on the findings of this investigation.