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Kişiye özel tercüme modelleme (KÖTM)
Çeviribilim (ÇB) üst alanı ve tercümebilim (TB) alt alanı alanında yaşanan gelişmeler domino etkisiyle birbirini etkilerken, modern dünyanın gereklilikleri doğrultusunda pratikle teoride arasındaki aşmaz bilim insanlarınca doldurulmaya, farklı ve yenilikçi kavram, yöntem, teori veya modellerle gerektiğinde teknolojiye başvurarak çağın gereklilikleri sağlanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Özellikle süre kısıtlılığı ve çoğu zaman en ufak bir hatayı tolere etmeyen, tercümanları bilişsel yük konusunda zorlayan konferans tercümesi (KT) ve her iki modu olan eşzamanlı tercüme (ET)ve ardıl tercümede (AT) de bütünce tabanlı, yapay zekâ destekli hatta nöral ağların kullanıldığı teknolojilerle en verimli ve en kolay tercüme süreci ve çıktısının elde edilmesi konusunda bilimsel çalışmalar son hızıyla devam etmektedir. Tercüme (işleme) süreci kapsamında başlarda yoğunlukla (ET) olmak üzere KT' nin her iki moduna yönelik modeller üretilmeye II. Dünya Savaşı ve Nuremberg Mahkemeleri akabinde hız kesmeden ivme kazanmıştır. Bu modellerin hem tercüme sürecini hem de tercümanları zorlayan konuları çözümleyebilmek ve bunlara çözüm üretmek için ortaya konduğu bilinmekle beraber, günümüzde sürdürülen çalışmalarda ÇB geneli ve TB özelinde teorik ve pratiğin birçok yönden hala birleştirilemediği konusu eleştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada şimdilik TB alt alanı olan konferans tercümesi KT ve iki modu olan ET ve AT ye özel (tezin nihai hedefi olarak sonraki çalışmalarda ÇB dahilindeki tüm pratiklerde esneyebilme kabiliyeti sebebiyle) Kişiye Özel Tercüme Modelleme (KÖTM) adıyla yeni bir tercüme ön hazırlık modeli oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. KÖTM bir tercüme ön hazırlık modeli olma iddiasında olsa da önerdiği hazırlığın saç ayaklarının zenginliği sayesinde tercümenin en başından sonuna kadar tüm aşamalarına yönelik süreç öncesi-esnası-ve sonrasına yönelik bir sistematik oluşturma hedefindedir. KÖTM ulusal veya uluslararası düzeyde önemli konuşmacıların geçmişteki sözlü metinlerinden hareketle kendilerine has konuşma stillerinin birey dili (idiolect)ne ait, söylemsel, söz sanatsal (retoriksel) ve deyimsel ifadelerinin önceden analiz edilerek erek dildeki en uygun söylemsel ve bağlamsal karşılıklarının bulunarak ve tercümanlara iletilmesiyle AT ve ET 'de kaliteyi artırmayı hedefler. Bu tezin nihai hedefi olan yapay zekâ destekli KÖTM (YZD-KÖTM)' e doğu ilerlerken, KÖTM ün ilk kez bir model olarak tanıtımı gerçekleştirileceği için bu aşamada araştırma öncelikle manuel sürümü ve yeni kavramlarıyla temellendirilecektir. Bu deneysel araştırmada metodolojik olarak keşfedici sıralı karma yöntem kullanılmıştır. İlk olarak tezin konusu olan KÖTM analizi yapılmış, buradan elde edilen nitel veriler sonrasında KÖTM kavramının işlerliği ölçebilmek için ulusal ve uluslararası çapta çalışan tercümanlar üzerinde bir anket uygulanmıştır. Buradan çıkan nitel-nicel verilere tamamlayıcı olarak mülakat gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çıkan sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde KÖTM' ün bir model olarak olabilirliği ve uygulanabilirliği onaylanmış, konferans tercümesinde tercümanlara sistemli bir ön hazırlık sağlayabileceği, performans anında oluşabilecek söylemsel aktarım zorlukları (olan birey dili, retorik, kültüre özgü ifade, başka eserlerden yapılan alıntıların tercümesi) konusunda tercümanlara katkı sağlayabileceği düşüncesine varılmıştır.
Türkiye'de toplum çevirmenliği ağı: Meslekleş (Eme) meye yönelik algılar ve ötesi
The need for communication across the world leads the need for community interpreters to increase especially in governmental institutions, such as courts, hospitals, and immigration offices. Considering the cruciality of such settings in terms of the lives of the language deficient people, community interpreting is of high importance, and the profession requires the application of ethical principles for quality interpreting accordingly. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how the community interpreters from different subfields perceive the ethical principles, the conditions within the field and the actors involved in this process. It is presumed that there is a lack of professionalization in the field of community interpreting. In this sense, the perceptions of 12 community interpreters were analyzed through semi-structured in-depth interviews by adopting a phenomenological approach to understand how they perceive the phenomenon of ethical principles and professionalization. The interview questions consist of 5 parts as General Qualifications and Experiences, Role, Ethical Principles, Actors, and Institutionalization and Professionalization. Within the framework of Actor-Network Theory by Callon and Latour, these questions were used to map the network of community interpreting in Turkey and to define the actors within with the aim of understanding how the interpreters see the profession and the effect of other human and non-human actors. Through the data obtained from these interviews, it is aimed to demonstrate whether it is possible to speak of norms in the field within the concept of professional norms by Chesterman. According to the findings, each sub-network has its own human and non-human actors that vary depending on their interests in the network. The lack of professionalization in Turkey leads the interpreters to adapt themselves to the expectations of the other actors causing their roles to change continuously and to turn into more active than necessary. As a result, the adoption of ethical principles also varies according to these expectations which shows that the actors through their expectations affect the perceptions, behaviors and roles of the community interpreters. It is concluded that the lack of an association in the field of community interpreting in Turkey causes the prevalence of other actors' expectations to exercise control over the behaviors of the community interpreters. This study is thought to contribute to the field in terms of understanding the perceptions of the community interpreters as the central actor, but the perceptions of the other actors need to be analyzed to understand and evaluate the network thoroughly as a whole.
İngilizce-Türkçe nöral makine çevirisi için son-düzenleme becerileri
This study examines the performance of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) in Turkish as well as the post-editing skills that may be required particularly for Turkish post-editing. A machine translation (MT) test is performed with five online NMT systems, namely Google Translate, Bing Translator, Yandex.Translate, Reverso, and Watson Language Translator. For this purpose, two technical, two legal, and two medical texts are machine- translated. The raw MT outputs are then assessed using the SCATE MT error taxonomy. The results are analyzed from a post-editing standpoint, demonstrating which mistake types are most frequently amended in the post- editing process. Furthermore, the abilities required to correct faults in these areas are highlighted. The results reveal that agglutinative nature and orthography rules are essential elements of post-editing in Turkish. The three fluency categories that involve the greatest number of errors are grammar, lexicon, and orthography, and their most erroneous subcategories are found to be word form, extra word, and missing word for grammar; lexical choice for lexicon; and punctuation, capitalization, and spelling for orthography. In terms of accuracy, omission, mistranslation, and mechanical categories are the three most erroneous categories. For their subcategories, word sense disambiguation is dominant for mistranslation, and for mechanical, capitalization and other come to the forefront. According to the findings, the necessary Turkish post-editing skills are a thorough understanding of the use and role of Turkish suffixes, grammar and orthography rules, terminology, and lexicology.
Uzaktan sözlü çeviri teknolojilerinin Türkiye'deki konferans tercümanları tarafından alınımı
Remote Simultaneous Interpreting has become the common mode for most conferences after the Covid-19 pandemic started. This study at hand aims to find how conference interpreters who work in Turkey think of Remote Interpreting. It first gives a history of simultaneous interpreting starting with the first experiments conducted in the 1920s and gives an account of simultaneous interpreting becoming widespread in the 1940s at the United Nations. It also provides definitions for Remote Interpreting, categorizing various definitions given by several scholar to describe different settings Remote Interpreting can be used in. The definition selected for the thesis is any kind of simultaneous interpreting setting in which the conference interpreter is required to work in another location than where the conference is taking place. The thesis uses Gile's Effort Model as its theoratical background to describe the issues faced by the interpreters during a Remote Interpreting session. This allows us to put some of the problems faced during a remotely interpreted event in context. The study is built on a pilot study (Kıncal & Ekici, 2020) and further investigates the issues faced by the conference interpreters in Turkey. The thesis is a case study that focuses on seven interpreters' experiences in Remote Interpreting as it gathered its data through a set interviews done with these seven interpreters. The study at hand gives a detailed chronological history of Remote Interpreting experiments and lists common problems found in the literature. One of the common problems found in the literature is that the feeling of being there and in control is largely diminished and the onset of fatigue happens earlier than an on-site setting (Moser-Mercer, 13, 2003). This thesis confirmed that conference interpreters feel more stress due to having more responsibilities and lack of human touch. This study also elaborates the issue of incorporating Remote Interpreting into existing curricula in interpreting departments.
Çeviri aracılığıyla Türkiye'de drakula imgesi
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897) is one of the most influential works in vampire and gothic fiction. This work established a foundation for the vampire figure, a stereotypical vampire who can turn into bats, drinks blood, has superhuman strength, but is weak against the crucifixes and garlic cloves. These vampiric characteristics has affected future works in vampire fiction and been followed in popular culture. Moreover, being translated and retranslated into various languages, Dracula as a novel and Dracula as an image have traveled into multiple cultures and literary systems, which ensures its popularity still today. This research revealed that paratextual materials surrounded Dracula in diverse cultural settings might have shown differences. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the paratexts of Dracula in the Turkish literary system, analyze what kind of message these paratexts give, and find out whether the Turkish public considers Dracula, both as a novel and a character, as an element of horror. Itamar Even Zohar's concepts of "culture-making" and "repertoire" (2002) were used to establish the study's theoretical background. All Turkish publications related to Dracula, presented as an option to the repertoire of vampire fiction, were investigated, among which the complete re/translations were chosen as a case for this study. "Paratextual" (Genette, 2001) elements of 13 Turkish retranslations were then meticulously analyzed where the agents involved in choosing these paratexts and the message they have tried to provide to the reader were questioned. Additionally, an online survey is also conducted to collect the necessary data that shows the perspective of the Turkish public regarding Dracula. Results showed that certain paratextual elements could have more impact on the image-building process. While paratexts can influence the reader by directing a message, they are not excluded from the trends and tendencies of the time, culture, or setting they are published. Therefore, at times, paratexts are affected and changed for reasons such as marketing strategies and politics; thus, their message changes along with them. The survey results demonstrated the influence of the Dracula movies and any visual media adaptations. There were clear differences between the two groups, which were separated as book readers and movie viewers. The survey results also revealed that Dracula was not considered only as an evil character who brings fear, but there was also a surprising number of participants who had a positive perspective towards the character. Key Words: Bram Stoker, translations of Dracula, image, paratextual analysis, repertoire
Ute Birgi-Knellessen'in deyim çevirisindeki çeviri stratejisi. Sabahattin Ali'nin Kuyucaklı Yusuf adlı romanının Almanca çevirisi üzerine bir inceleme / Ute Birgi-Knellessen's translation strategy for translating phrases. An analysis of her German translation of Sabahattin Ali's novel Kuyucaklı Yusuf
Idioms in many literary works create a translation problem in the translation process. In overcoming the idiom translation problem, the translator's linguistic, cultural and professional knowledge as well as the translation strategy and the translation techniques to be used in idiom translations are also important in terms of the quality of the translation. The aim of the study is to examine the idiom translation problem in the context of translation strategies in a literary translation work example. In this study, Yusuf - German translation of Sabahattin Ali's novel Kuyucaklı Yusuf - by Ute Birgi-Knellessen will be evaluated in terms of the translation strategies. In the theoretical part of the study, the approaches of prominent translation scientists dealing with the problem of idiom translation have been introduced and Ch. Nord's evaluation criteria for "functionality" ("Funktionsgerechtigkeit") and "loyalty" ("Loyalität") have been described. After the introduction of the author and the source text and the paratext analysis of the target text, the application part of the study deals with the German translations of the 20 idioms in the novel Kuyucaklı Yusuf selected from the first part. The idioms chosen have been first classified according to the categories of idiom translation problems of J. Korhonen. Then, by examining the corresponding idioms offered by Birgi-Knellessen, the translation techniques used by the translator and the translation strategy followed by the translator have been examined and evaluated. In this study, it has been observed that the idiom translations offered by Birgi-Knellessen in German translation meet Nord's "functionality" and "loyalty" criteria. Redewendungen, die in vielen literarischen Werken vorkommen, verursachen oft ein Übersetzungsproblem. Bei der Überwindung des Problems der Übersetzung von Redewendungen spielen die sprachlichen, kulturellen und beruflichen Kenntnisse des Übersetzers sowie die Übersetzungsstrategie und die Übersetzungsverfahren, die bei der Übertragung der Redewendungen verwendet werden, für die Qualität der Übersetzung eine wichtige Rolle. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, das Problem Übersetzen von Redewendungen im Kontext von Übersetzungsstrategien anhand einer literarischen Übersetzung zu untersuchen. In dieser Studie wird Yusuf, die deutsche Übersetzung von Sabahattin Alis Roman Kuyucaklı Yusuf, im Hinblick auf die von der Übersetzerin Ute Birgi-Knellessen angewandte Übersetzungsstrategie bewertet. Im theoretischen Teil der Studie werden die Ansätze bedeutender Translationswissenschaftler vorgestellt, die sich mit dem Problem des Übersetzens von Redewendungen befassen und sodann Ch. Nords Bewertungskriterien „Funktionsgerechtigkeit" und „Loyalität" dargelegt. Nach der Einführung des Autors und des Ausgangstextes sowie der Paratextanalyse des Zieltextes befasst sich der Anwendungsteil der Arbeit mit den deutschen Übersetzungen von 20 Redewendungen, ausgewählt aus dem ersten Teil des Romans Kuyucaklı Yusuf. Die Redewendungen werden zuerst nach den Kategorien der Redewendungsprobleme von J. Korhonen klassifiziert. Anschließend werden die von Birgi-Knellessen verwendeten Übersetzungsverfahren und die von ihr verfolgte Übersetzungsstrategie untersucht und bewertet. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die von Birgi-Knellessen in der deutschen Übersetzung angebotenen Übersetzungslösungen die Kriterien „Funktionsgerechtigkeit" und „Loyalität" von Nord erfüllen.
Türkiye bağlamında Suriyeli mültecilerin iletişim ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan toplum çevirmenleri
The need for public service interpreters in Turkey has gradually increased in recent years following the inflow of a large number of Syrian refugees. In the most general sense, public service interpreters are individuals establishing communication between refugees/migrants and the host country's public officials. Turkey does not have an institutionalized public service interpreting policy with comprehensive training programs, certification examinations, accreditation, and professional organizations, since the country has only recently faced such a large mass-migration movement. Yet still certain initiatives have been undertaken to meet Syrian refugees' communication needs, and public service interpreters have been recruited at various institutions to this end. In this regard, the present doctoral research addresses the interpreters bridging refugees' communication needs in the units of the Association for Solidarity with Asylum Seekers and Migrants (ASAM), in the legal context including courthouses and police stations, and in the healthcare institutions within the scope of the EU-funded SIHHAT project. The study aims to explore the interpreters' social, cultural, educational, and professional backgrounds; the institutional and other external conditions surrounding them; and the implications of the mentioned issues for the interpreters' interpreting activities and for their attitudes, perceptions and expectations towards public service interpreting. As an agent-oriented study conducting a discussion in the realm of the sociology of translators/interpreters proposed by Chesterman (2006, 2009), the current doctoral research intends to foreground the place and importance of the social context in public service interpreting and to discuss the problem of professional identity formation within this framework. In the study, which adopts a qualitative research method, the data was obtained through an extensive fieldwork conducted in the provinces of İzmir, Mersin, Adana and Gaziantep. Semi-structured interviews conducted with the interpreters in the mentioned contexts are used as the main data source. The descriptive questionnaires for the interpreters, the interviews with the relevant officials/service providers involved in interpreting processes in the mentioned contexts, and the context-specific documents regarding the interpreters' work procedures are used as supplementary data sources. The findings relevant to the research aims are discussed through the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of habitus (Bourdieu, 1977, 1984, 1998, 2000), capital (Bourdieu, 1986, 1989, 1998), and illusio (Bourdieu and Wacquant, 1992; Bourdieu, 2000). And accordingly, the present study has revealed that public service interpreting in general is an unrecognized and undervalued service area in Turkey, and most of its practitioners lack the relevant resources to form a professional identity. Keywords: public service interpreters, Turkish context, habitus, capital, illusio, professional identity
Türkiye'deki sesli betimleme derneklerinin işlevsel bir incelemesi
Audio description, a type of audio-visual translation, enables blind and partially sighted people to access many materials, especially TV series and movies. The aim of this thesis is to examine from a functional perspective how audio description of audiovisual products is practiced in Turkey, and compare it with the practices in the world. In the first place, audio description associations, including their commissioners, translators and target audiences, will be studied. After the selection of audiodescriptive content and its analysis, how translation decisions affect cultural change in the target audience is explored. In the literature review, the activities of Sesli Betimleme Derneği that has introduced the concept of audio description to our country are explained. Moroğlu is another actor that makes audio descriptions. This thesis is based on the Skopos Theory and the concept of patronage. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to study the audio description institutions. Described TV series and films are analyzed using the Schema Theory, Cognitive Development Theory and paratextual elements. According to the research, Sesli Betimleme Derneği is an actor and power holder that aims to implement the principle of equality with a variety of audiovisual materials. Moroğlu, on the other hand, considers audio description a social responsibility. Differences in practices stem from legal gaps and lack of specialized knowledge. Within this framework, the research suggests a number of description strategies and steps for designing an audio description course.
Sahne arkasında bir çevirmen: Üretken bir çeviri öznesi olarak Seçkin Selvi
Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of "field", "habitus" and "capital" (Bourdieu, 1990), this thesis positions Seçkin Selvi as a female agent of translation. Selvi has proved to be a versatile and prolific agent as she has been active in the literary field since 1957 as a translator, editor and theatre critic as well as publisher and journalist. Hence, this thesis argues that Selvi has been subject to the conditions of the field she has been in, and that her success and survival as an agent of translation in the field has been guaranteed by her rich symbolic capital and professional habitus. To do so, this study draws on a rich extratextual (Toury, 1995) analysis of Selvi's extensive corpus, biographical and archival data, the interviews she gave, the events she participated, the newspaper reports she appeared in, events, organizations, fairs she participated in, as well as the e-mail interview I conducted with her. To that end, it first reviews agent-oriented studies, which have been in a growing trend with the social turn in translation studies, and then examines the Bourdieusian concepts of field, habitus and capital. Further, this study scrutinizes Selvi's agency and her cultural, social and symbolic capital. It lastly explores her primary and secondary (translatorial) habitus and concludes with a critical discussion of Selvi's case in regards to the relationship between the concepts of field, habitus and capital. Bringing a female agent of translation from backstage to stage, the findings of this study will hopefully inspire further studies on female agents in translation studies and contribute to a more humanized translation studies in general. Key words: Seçkin Selvi, Agent of Translation, Agency, Translatorial Habitus, Symbolic Capital
1970'lerden 2015'e kadar Türkçe'ye yapılan edebi çevirilerde kuirliğin yolculuğu
This dissertation aims at discovering the way that queer identities were represented in the six Turkish translations between the years of 1970 and 2015. Queer translation studies is a relatively new field of study and thus, the studies on the representations of queer characters in the translations are very limited. Taking this notion as a starting point, this study selects six English and American novels which have queer protagonists and their Turkish translations as a case study. These novels are Midnight Cowboy by James Leo Herlihy, The Color Purple by Alice Walker, A Single Man by Christopher Isherwood, Maurice by E.M. Forster, Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit by Jeanette Winterson and Call Me By Your Name by André Aciman. In order to reveal the progression of the translations within the target culture, the analysis will be carried out in a chronological order in accordance with the publication dates of the Turkish translations. The translations will be evaluated within the sociopolitical and historical conditions in which they are embedded. For the analysis of the texts, the concepts of "habitus" (Bourdieu, 1990: 53) and "capital" (Bourdieu, 1986: 241) as well as the concept of "agent" (Milton & Bandia, 2009: 1) are employed as the theoretical framework of the study. The methodological approach that is adopted for the textual analysis of the translations is the "three modes" (2018: 157) for translating queer literary texts suggested by Marc Démont. The research has revealed that the translators from the 70s and early 80s employed translation strategies of omission and euphemism under the influence of sociopolitical conditions at the time while this tendency altered during the late 1980s and 1990s in parallel with the more tolerant climate in Turkey and the increasing popularity of the Queer movement. On the other hand, the translations from 2000 to 2015 displayed an act of resistance and revealed the translators and the Sel Yayıncılık as agents of translation.
Türkiye'de hastane çevirmenlerinin rolünün (Ortak) inşası: Üçlü görüşmelerde etkileşimsel dinamikler
It is undisputable that there is a growing need for interpreters due to the increasing global mobility between countries. In this respect, Turkey is no different, as an important destination for vacation and, increasingly, for healthcare services as well. Against this background, this study seeks to analyze the ways in which the role of interpreters both shapes and is shaped by triadic interactions in healthcare settings in Turkey. More specifically, recognizing the phenomenon of healthcare interpreting as "social action or social inter-action" (Wadensjö, 1995), the research questions raised in this study seek answers to how the role of the interpreter is (co)-constructed with the other parties-at-talk. To this end, the focus is not only on naturally- occurring data, but also on the user expectations and perceptions, as well as on the interpreters' self-perceptions of role. To this end, the study employs various ethnographic data collection methods such as questionnaires for medical doctors and hospital executives, interviews with healthcare interpreters, participant observation, and audio-recordings of interpreter- mediated encounters. The data collected from the users and the interpreters was triangulated with the observation and the audio-recordings of real- life situations. This data was analyzed in accordance with Chesterman's (1997) expectancy norms and professional/process norms as well as Goffman's (1981) participation framework, shedding light on the relatively unexplored field of healthcare interpreting in Turkey. This study revealed discrepancies in the role perceptions of users and interpreters; nevertheless, the interpreters conform to users' expectancy norms. Moreover, the interpreters emerge as active and competent participants in the triadic encounters, and thus, this study has the potential to inspire for further research in this neglected area. Keywords: Healthcare interpreting, role, norm, participation framework, ethnography, user perception, expectations, self-perception
Çeviri kuramlarının çeviri pratiğindeki yeri ve önemi
Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de kültürlerarası iletişimin doğal bir sonucu yoğun bir çeviri etkinliği yaşanmaktadır. Çeviri etkinliği ülkemizde de içinde çeşitli kurumları barındıran dev bir sektör haline gelmiştir. Bir bütün olarak düşünüldüğünde bu etkinliğin en önemli bölümünü çevirmenler oluşturur. Çevirmenlik aynı zamanda tarih sürecinde de önemli meslekler arasındadır; çünkü farklı dil ve kültürdeki toplumların çeviri etkinliği olmadan etkileşim sürecine girebilmeleri mümkün değildir.Bu tezin amacı, günümüzde çevirmenin konumunu çevirmenin etkinlik içinde bulunduğu çeviri sektöründeki farklı kurumları yapısal özellikleri içinde ve o kurumların bakış açısından belirleyerek çevirmen kimliğini kurumlar arası bağlantılar düzeyinde incelemek, farklı kurumlarda oluşan farklı kimlikleri bağlantı noktalarında ele almak ve yeniden betimlemektir. Daha sonra, günümüz çeviri anlayışını yansıtan çeviri kuramları çerçevesinde çevirmenin belirlenen konumu ile çeviri sektörü ve eğitim kurumları arasındaki etkileşim süreçleri incelenmiş, kuram ve uygulama arasında reel bağlantıların varlığı araştırılarak çağdaş kuramların ülkemizde uygulamadaki yeri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Tezin amacı doğrultusunda ilk olarak çevirmenin tarih sürecindeki kimliği ve tarih sürecinde farklı kültürlerde farklı çeviri anlayışlarıyla sürdürülmüş çeviri etkinlikleri, daha sonra da günümüz çeviri anlayışını yansıtan çeviri paradigmaları incelenmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde ise ortaya çıkan sorunların bağlantı noktalarındaki bakış açısından elde edilen olası çözümlere yer verilmiştir.Yaptığımız araştırmalardan elde ettiğimiz veriler, günümüz Türkiye'sinde yoğun olarak sürdürülen çeviri etkinliğinde kurumlar arasında ülkemizin sosyo-ekonomik koşullarından kaynaklanan kopuklukların bulunduğunu, bu ekonomik ve hukuki koşullar ve kurumlararası kopukluk sebebiyle çağdaş bir çevirmen kimliğinin oluşmadığını, çağdaş çeviri kuramlarının da yine aynı sebeplerden uygulamada yalnızca kısmen yer bulduğunu göstermektedir.
Güneşte Gölgenin Yokoluşu isimli romanda kullanılan Türk isim, motif ve kavramların Alman kültüründeki karşılıkları
Tezimde ana konu olarak 'Güneşte Gölgenin Yok Oluşu' isimli romanın çevirisinde geçen Türk isim, motif ve kavramlarının analizini yapmakla birlikte kitabın orijinalinde nasıl ele alındıklarını, belirtildiklerini gösterip karşılaştırma yapacağım. Yazar Barbara Frishmuth, kimi zaman aynı kelimeler olmasına rağmen, bazı Türkçe kelimeleri Türkçe ses uyumuna uygun biçimde, bazılarını hiç değiştirmeden, bazılarını ise Almanca karşılıkları ile vermiştir. Bunların çeşitli cümleler içerisinde nasıl kullanıldıklarını örneklerle gösterip uygulamalı olarak karşılaştıracağım.Yazar Barbara Frischmuth'un biyografisini, yaşam hikayesini ve eserlerini ( romanları, çocuk kitapları, tiyatro eserleri, radyo dinletileri ve filmleri ) ele alarak Türk kültürüne olan eğilimini ve nedenlerini göstermeye çalışacağım.Sonuç olarak ise yazarın sadece bu esere özgü olarak orijinal ve hedef metin kavramlarını nasıl değiştirdiğini ve okuyucuların karşılaşabilecekleri, yaşanabilmesi muhtemel sorunları göstermeye çalışacağım.
Kâmuran Şipal'in Hermann Hesse'nin „Narziß und Goldmund" adlı romanının kültürel öğelerini Türkçeye aktarımında kullandığı çeviri stratejisi
Realia, so-called culture-specific items, are among the most well-known translation problems in literary translation. Translating realia requires a high level of translational competence from the translator. The translation techniques used by the translator to solve the aforementioned translation problem play a major role. The translation strategy of the translator is therefore important for the quality of the translation. The aim of this research is to analyze the translations of realia by the famous translator Kâmuran Şipal, based on the Turkish translations of Hermann Hesse's novel Narziß und Goldmund (Narziss ve Goldmund), and to determine Şipal's translation strategy by using them. In the theoretical part of the research, the general basics of literary translation and the translational problems of translating realia are presented. In the practical part, example analyzes of selected realia translations from the aforementioned novel follow, which are evaluated according to Christiane Nord's evaluation criteria "functionality" and "loyalty". The analysis shows that Şipal has a high translation competence and that his realia translations meet Nord's criteria of "functionality" and "loyalty". Şipal's translational handling of the problem of translating realia shows that Şipal uses a target reader-oriented translation strategy that at the same time preserves the source text and meets the general expectations from literary translation.
Türkiye'de medya içi kültürlerarası yeniden çevrim diziler: Amerikan TV dizisi Desperate Housewives ile dizinin Türkçe yeniden çevrimi Umutsuz Ev Kadınları'nın yorumlayıcı temelli karşılaştırmalı analizi
The growing pre-eminence of audiovisual media has led the field of audiovisual translation (AVT) to grow in significance and visibility since the 1990s. AVT has become a mature subject field in translation studies, considering the exponential increase in audiovisual content in diverse forms (such as subtitling, dubbing, adaptation and remake) and a wide spectrum of research on these varied forms of AVT. However, translation studies researchers have mostly neglected remakes as a form of translation. This research approaches remakes as a sphere of interest in translations studies by problematizing these cultural goods from the perspective of translation studies. Given that one of the primary aims of this study is to call attention to the relevance of remakes to translation studies research, this study initially builds up and presents a corpus of intra-medial transcultural television remakes on Turkish television and, benefiting from Lawrence Venuti's model, it offers a methodological framework for analyzing multiple dimensions and complexities of the remake process. In order to demonstrate the integral role of television remakes on Turkish television, the role of translation in the history of television series in Turkey was first analyzed starting from 1968 until 2020. The period between 2000 and 2020 was then investigated in detail since, during this era, Turkish television became home to a new form of programming, namely television remakes. Considering the proliferation of television remakes in Turkey since the 2000s, this dissertation questions the position of intra-medial transcultural television remakes within the Turkish television repertoire, with particular attention to whether "interference" (Even-Zohar, 1990) has taken place in the course of remaking and, if any, what (conservative/innovative) role(s) remakes have played in the Turkish "culture repertoire" (Even-Zohar, 2002). Undertaking a case study that seeks to comparatively analyze a Turkish remake [Umutsuz Ev Kadınları (Kanal D/FOX, Turkey 2011-2014)] and Desperate Housewives (ABC, USA 2004-2012), first on macro and then micro levels, this research ultimately aims at investigating how, and in what aspects "interference" has occurred following the introduction of television remakes as "options" (Even-Zohar 2002) within the Turkish television series repertoire.
Sanatçının Türkiye bağlamında bir portresi: James Joyce'un De Yayınevi ve Yeni dergi aracılığıyla modernist bir yazar olarak sunuluşu üzerine Bourdieucü bir analiz
James Joyce is widely known for his radically experimental sense of style. What makes his works so difficult and complicated is rooted in the fact that he is one of the most prominent figures of literary modernism. Marking his transition from realist to modernist literature, it was his first novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) where he started to challenge traditional norms of writing in both form and content. Moreover, among Joyce's works, it was the first unabridged translation and the first novel translation into Turkish. Therefore, the discussion around Joyce's introduction to the Turkish culture repertoire as a modernist writer was held around this particular work. This interdisciplinary research pursued a sociocultural approach to translation within the historical context by combining Pierre Bourdieu's field theory and Itamar Even-Zohar's polysystem theory. Firstly, genesis of the habituses of human agents were reviewed as the first Turkish translation of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man was initiated by the owner of De Yayınevi and Yeni Dergi, Memet Fuat, and done by Murat Belge in 1966, exactly fifty years after its publication. Secondly, the position of the literary field within the field of power was scrutinized. Accordingly, in the 1960s, there was a relatively free atmosphere in Turkey due to the new constitution and the rights and freedoms it provided. It was found out that the rise of the left during that period paved the way for the establishment of De Yayınevi and Yeni Dergi and then the radicalization of the left led to the closure of them. Thirdly, the structure of literary field itself was examined to demonstrate the general dynamics and tendencies and to contextualise De Yayınevi and Yeni Dergi in a wider frame. When the publishing activities and policies of them were scrutinized in the light of paratextual and extratextual materials, it was revealed that Memet Fuat put a specific emphasis on modernist works, whether indigenous or translated. Thus, they both addressed a special kind of audience with their mostly translated modernist content of which Joyce's work was a part and operated with an intellectual mission rather than commercial motives. In this respect, Memet Fuat engaged in deliberate culture planning activities with a specific agenda that aspired to keep up the Turkish reader with the modern contemporary world. Finally, despite criticism and ostracism he received, by actively promoting modernist literature in a time when social realist literature dominated the literary field and offering new options to the Turkish culture repertoire by mainly publishing translated works in the 1960s, Memet Fuat emerged as a controversial agent of change.
Bir çeviri şekli olarak uyarlama: Shakespeare'in Macbeth adlı eserinin sahneden sinemaya uyarlanmasında ortaya çıkan değişikliklerin yapıları
The purpose of this thesis is to scrutinize the assumption that in the process of adapting Shakespeare's plays into screen, in contrast to stage adaptations, changes in the original text occur. Shakespeare wrote his plays to be staged; so transferring them into another medium results in various modifications in the text. Though it is not impossible, preserving the original text as it is in an intra-lingual screen adaptation of Shakespeare is not appropriate or efficient in terms of an image-foregrounded visual art. Stage-specific textual characteristics of Shakespeare's plays such as his poetic language, lengthy dialogues, asides and soliloquies prevent preserving the full text in the adaptation. Apart from textual characteristics, different norms and structures of the two media is another factor in the need for change. To this end, this thesis will investigate what kind of changes are done in the text in the process of adaptation, the reasons for and results of these changes, common and idiosyncratic characteristics of the changes between different screen adaptations of Macbeth will be investigated. On the other hand, fidelity issue will be examined thoroughly in intra-lingual screen adaptations of Shakespeare in its effect on the patterns of change. In an attempt to provide a theoretically valid place to adaptation in the field of Translation Studies, the idea that adaptation can be seen and accepted as a form of translation will be scrutinized. Keywords: Adaptation and Translation, Shakespeare, Macbeth, Stage and Screen, Fidelity and Intertextuality, Changes In The Original, Norms.
Farklı metin türlerinin çevirisinde karşılaşılan sorunlara eleştirel bir bakış
Tezimizde çeviri nedir ile başlayan teorik bilgilerden yola çıkarak farklı metin türlerine kadar çeviri ile ilgili pek çok bilgiye değindik.Özellikle yüksek lisans ders yılında karşılaştığım edebiyat metinleri ile ilgili sorunlar beni bu tez çalışmasını yapmaya teşvik etti.Pek çok mahkeme kararını, bilgilendirici bir metni, edebiyat metinleri ve orjinallerini yabancı dilde, genelde İngilizcede ve bazen Almancada çevirileri ile inceledik. Özellikle yabancı dilde ve kendi dilimizde yapılan çevirilerdeki işlemleri ve yazıları karşılaştırıp eleştiriler yaptık.Son olarak da hukuk ve yazın alanındaki metinleri ve çevirilerini dil ve üslup, yazım vb. birçok açıdan yorumları ile ele aldık.
Diliçi çeviride kültürel ve dilsel değişimden kaynaklanan çeviri sorunları
Her yazın eseri belli bir tarihsel ortamın, kültürün, dilin ve yazın geleneğinin ürünüdür. Bir yazınsal eser kendi çağının okuru içindir; ancak aradan geçen zamanın, dilde ve kültürde değişimler meydana getirmesi kaçınılmazdır. Bu değişim sonucu yazın eseri okur tarafından anlaşılmaz olabilir.Bu çalışmanın araştırma problemi, içinde bulunulan zaman dilimine göre geçmişte kalmış bir yazın ürününün, çağdaşı olmayan okuyucuya nasıl sunulacağı olarak ifade edilebilir.Bu bağlamda çalışmamızın amacını şu şekilde ifade edebiliriz:a)Eski metni çağdaşı olmayan okuyucuya ulaştırmak için izlenecek yöntem ne olmalıdır?b)Eser özgün haliyle mi basılmalıdır, yoksa yeni okur kitlesinin anlayacağı dilde yeniden mi yazılmalıdır?Bu sorulara cevap bulabilmek için çeviribilim kuramları incelenmiştir. Çünkü çeviri sadece diller arasında değil, bir dilin geçmişte kalan kültürel unsurlarını yeni kuşaklara aktarabilmek için de yapılır. Bunun adı da ?diliçi? çeviridir.Bu çerçevede diliçi çeviride kültürel ve dilsel değişimden kaynaklanan çeviri sorunlarını ortaya koymak amacıyla Türk Edebiyatı edebi roman türünün ilk örneği olan ?İntibah?ı inceledik.Osmanlıca diline vakıf olamadığımız için eseri özgün metinden incelememiz mümkün olamadı. Bu yüzden, eserin Latin harfleriyle basılan ilk örneğinden günümüze kadar çeşitli düzeylerde sadeleştirilmiş ya da gününün Türkçesine çevrilmiş basımlarından altısı üzerinde işlevsel ve erek odaklı çeviribilim kuramları doğrultusunda çalışma yaptık.Yapılan bu çalışmada eski yazın yapıtının daha sonraki kuşaklara sunumunda çevrilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Çünkü yazın eseri okunmak içindir. Okur metni okuyup anlamak ister. Çevirinin işlevini yerine getirmesi, okurun beklentisini karşılaması demektir.Bu da kaynak metnin erek okurun anlayacağı dilde aktarılmasıyla gerçekleşir. Çalışmamızdan elde edilecek sonuç geçmişten gelen değerlerimizin güncelleştirilmesi çalışmalarına bir örnek oluşturabilir.
Çeviriler yoluyla kültür transferi: Okot P'bitek'in Song of Lawino ve Song of Ocol'u; bir Uganda örneği
The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of translation in the culture transfer in the postcolonial texts. To achieve this aim, the study focuses on the prominent poems of Okot p'Bitek, Song of Lawino (1966) and Song of Ocol (1967), and the Turkish translation entitled Lawino'nun Türküsü (1996) by Yusuf Eradam and Güler Siper. The theory of postcolonial translation is taken as the theoretical framework of the study which also consists of other concepts such as "hybridity" (Bakhtin, 1981; Bhabha, 1984). The methodological tools which are employed in the present study are "translation procedures" proposed by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958) and "paratexts" introduced by Gerard Genette (Genette, 1997). Furthermore, the interviews with Yusuf Eradam, one of the translators of the Turkish translation and Frank Horley, the designer of the illustrations included in Song of Lawino and Song of Ocol are utilized to expand on the translation analysis. The excerpts chosen from the English source text and its Turkish translation are compared under the titles of borrowings, calques, literal translations, equivalences, adaptations and explicitations with the aim of highlighting the culture transfer in the process. The findings of the study emphasize the fact that translation has a crucial role in reflecting the cultural elements of African society in distant languages and cultures. Key Words: Postcolonial Literature, Postcolonial Translation Studies, Hybridity, Self-translation, Translation Procedures, Culture Transfer.
Diyalekti çevirmek: Toni Morrison'ın Tar Baby (Katran Bebek) ve Nadine Gordimer'in July's People (July'ın İnsanları) başlıklı romanlarının İlknur Özdemir tarafından yapılan Türkçe çevirileri üzerine bir vaka çalışması
This thesis aims to explore the nonstandard linguistic features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and South African Black English (SABE) in the novels by Toni Morrison and Nadine Gordimer. It also gives insights about the translations of the dialects used in the novels by focusing on the role of the translator, İlknur Özdemir, during the translation process. Katran Bebek, the Turkish translation of Morrison's Tar Baby, and July'ın İnsanları, the Turkish translation of Gordimer's July's People, are used as a case study in my study. Gideon Toury's Translational Norms and Textual Analysis serve as a significant methodological framework for Özdemir's Turkish translation of the novels. Furthermore, the theories of Edward Said, Gayatri C. Spivak and Homi Bhabha, the use of dialect in postcolonial literature as well as in translation are adopted in the theoretical framework of the thesis. Known as the winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Morrison and Gordimer who employed the dialects in order to portray the black characters in their own novels have contributed to bring the indigenous cultures to the international level. The purpose of this thesis is to indicate whether the speech of the African American and South African characters created in the original texts is recreated in the TTs. This thesis serves as the first to analyze the nonstandard linguistic features of AAVE and SABE. The results of the analysis have displayed that the nonstandard linguistic features of the dialect are important for the message of the novel and these features need to be regarded in translation. Keywords: Toni Morrison, Nadine Gordimer, Tar Baby, July's People, Dialect, Translational norms.
Türkiye'de özel sektörde ve kamu sektörü'nde çalışan çevirmenlerin statüye ilişkin öz algıları
The translation literature indicates a negative perception regarding the translator status and the translation profession. This low status perception is due to low degrees of professionalisation, status and recognition, and the current working conditions. The present study sets out to explore how the state and private sector translators' social, symbolic, cultural capital and translatorial habitus are related to their self-perceptions of status as a professional group in Turkey. To this end, I conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with thirteen translators who work in the state and private sectors in Turkey. The findings of the interviews are discussed in the light of Dam and Zethsen's four well-established status parameters and Pierre Bourdieu's key concepts of capital and habitus. According to my findings, translation is not still a fully established profession in Turkey and translators believe that translation as a profession has a lower and middling status in society. In a Bourdieusian sense, the findings reveal that they possess different types of capital with different amounts and based on these different forms of capital, they have developed a habitus of proud, satisfied, committed but unrecognized experts The sample analyzed is too small to lead to certain conclusions, but a series of hypotheses are formed regarding the factors affecting translators' low or middling status perceptions.
Ursula K. Le Guin'in Yerdeniz Serisi'nin toplumsal cinsiyet açısından söylem analizi: Dil bilimsel ve kültürel cinsiyet adaptasyonu
This study aims to analyse Earthsea Series, written by Ursula K. Le Guin, regarding how language is used by the author and its transference in Turkish translation in terms of cultural and linguistic elements of gender. Although series contain six separate books, the last two books are excluded from the research as they are not related to the main plot of the story. Since the case books of the series were written in 22 years which correspond with the spring of feminist movements' effect on literature, they might, within themselves, indicate a considerable amount of differences in language use. Therefore, the translation of the series might possibly adapt those differences in accordance with target culture's transformation in that time shift. The source text and the target text are both examined with Critical Discourse Analysis approach with respect to linguistic and cultural gender. The target text is also analysed through source text adaptation in Turkish translation as well as feminist translation strategies. The fact that English and Turkish are two highly different languages, it is possible to talk about significant differences in both their linguistics and cultures. Thus, this study seeks to find out and show those notable differences in the source text and its transference in the target text as well as whether the translator has adopted feminist translation strategies, or the language of the source text has remained.
Mevlânâ'nın Divan-ı Kebir'i ile Dante'nin İlahi Komedya'sında "aşk nesnesinin" metaforik temsillerinin çevirisine ilişkin karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma
Mawlana Jalal-al-din Rumi and Dante Alighieri's unusual experience of the transformative power of love encompasses humanity and divinity, emotion and intellect, the secular and the heavenly, revealed through the striking lines that endow Rumi and Dante's poetic corpus with new insights. Shams-i Tabrizî and Beatrice Portinari are the prominent symbols for much of Rumi and Dante's well-known works. With deep spiritual insight, both Rumi and Dante write about the divine presence in simple experiences. This study aims to analyze Turkish and English versions of Rumi's "Divan-i Kebir" and Dante's "Divine Comedy'' through tracing the footprints of Shams-i Tabrizî and Beatrice Portinari as objects of love in terms of the translation of the metaphors. A comparative analysis is also carried out to determine to what extent the domestication and foreignization strategies of Venuti (1995) in the light of Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) conceptual metaphor theory on the "object of love" has been implemented in the translation of metaphorical expressions in ''Divan-i Kebir'' and ''Divine Comedy.'' The analysis is conducted to show the importance of metaphorical elements used in works from two different cultures in terms of shaping the translations. Thus, it is concluded that the one of the most prominent features of the transition from an emphasis on linguistic transfer to emphasis on cultural transfer manifests itself in metaphor translation. Both Rumi's and Dante's works portray how sayr (journey) aids the spreading of ideas and how this sayr (journey) affects the translation of works of literature and customs across cultural boundaries.
Metafor ve kültürel öğelerin çevirilerine dair çözüm Stratejileri. Hermann Hesse'nin „Unterm Rad" adlı romanının Kâmuran Şipal ve Günseli İçöz tarafından yapılan çevirileri üzerine bir inceleme
Metaphors and realia commonly used in literary works pose significant problems in the translation process. This research focuses on solution strategies for the translation of these items based on the Turkish versions of the novel Beneath the Wheel (Orig. Unterm Rad) by H. Hesse. General information on the theories is provided at the beginning of the research. Afterwards, the examples selected from the novel are analysed. The analysis is in general based on Christiane Nord's "Text Analysis in Translation". The translation solutions offered by the translators are assessed according to Nord's criterion "functionality plus loyalty". Three different translations of the novel are examined: Çarklar Arasında by K. Şipal (Afa publishing, 1990; Can publishing, 2002) and Harika Çocuk by G. İçöz (Can publishing, 1991). The analysis results suggest that the translators had recourse to different strategies to translate the metaphors and realia in the novel. The analysis further shows that, in İçöz's translation, the translations of the wheel metaphor and of a few realia are inadequate. Nevertheless, when the text is considered as a whole, all translations fulfill substantially Nord's "functionality plus loyalty" requirement, Şipal's translation being slightly more functional and loyal.
Türkiye'de işaret dili tercümanlığının normları: İşaret dili tercümanlarının rollerine ilişkin özalgıları
Sign language interpreting can be deemed as a new field of research in Turkey although studies on Turkish Sign Language (TID) started about thirty years ago, and sign language interpreting has been officially recognized as a profession as of 2006 while sign language interpreters have been hired to offer free interpreting services at social service departments since 2007. Emerging from this need in the field, this thesis is an exploratory study in which the field of sign language interpreting in Turkey is investigated. The study covers the prevailing norms in the field with a special focus on the role perceptions of the sign language interpreters in Turkey as well as social and social psychological factors influencing them. The data have been gathered through qualitative research methods including semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The interpreters' opinions on their role in the interpreting settings and their behavioral tendencies along with official practices and legal frameworks in which sign language interpreting is conducted in Turkey reveal that the profession is still at the very beginning of its development process. The findings of the study also reveal that perceptions of the sign language interpreters regarding their role and their profession are highly influenced by the inequalities in the distribution of certain types of capital (Bourdieu, 1986) among the actors in the field, especially the members of the deaf community and the interpreters, and by the social representations (Moscovici, 1961/1976) of the deaf community among sign language interpreters. Keywords: Sign language interpreting, The role of the interpreter, The norms of sign language interpreting, Self-perceptions of sign language interpreters, Social representations, capital
Mizah çevirisinde yaratıcılık: It's always sunny in Philadelphia dizisinin iki Türkçe altyazı çevirisi üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir vaka incelemesi
This study aims at exploring creativity in humor translation and to find out whether there is a difference in creativity between the professional subtitles and the fansubs. To this end, Holst's model of creativity (2010, p 1) in translation is employed. In order to investigate creativity in translation, it is important to choose texts that could require the translator to use creative problem-solving strategies. Therefore, in this study, the American comedy series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia which has a great number of humorous examples that are of open-ended kind and have no ready-made solutions and its two Turkish subtitle translations have been analyzed. Thus, it can be stated that in this study, creativity in translation is investigated in subtitle translation -a type of screen translation. In order to select the humorous examples from It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Ross' (1998, p 1) humor theories have been employed so that the examples are chosen from an objective and a linguistic point of view rather than by a personal and subjective sense of humor. One of the subtitle translations analyzed in this study is the professional subtitles (from CNBC-e and e2) and the other one is the fansubs (www.turkcealtyazı.com) -a type of non-professional subtitling. Before proceeding with comparing these two subtitles in terms of the use of the creative strategies listed in Holst's model of creativity in translation, a detailed humor analysis of the ST and the two subtitle translations have been carried out in light of Ross' humor theories. By means of the humor analysis, the elements that create humor in the ST and the two subtitle translations have been identified. By comparing the humorous elements that have been identified, the translations have been categorized under the relevant strategy listed in Holst' model of creativity in translation. As a result, the professional subtitles and the fansubs of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia have been comparatively analyzed in terms of their creativity.
Sait Faik Abasıyanık'ın kısa öykülerinin TEDA projesi kapsamında İngilizce çevirisindeki kültüre özgü ögelerin incelenmesi
One of the primary purposes of translation is to promote communication among different cultures. Yet, cultural differences may influence the choices of translators and culture-specific items may becloud the translation process and cause translation barriers. The objective of this study is to explore the culture-specific items in the English translation of Sait Faik Abasıyanık's selected short stories taking into consideration the fact that Sait Faik Abasıyanık's stories are included within the scope of the TEDA Project. TEDA is a grant programme run by the Republic of Turkey's Ministry of Culture and Tourism in an attempt to promote the publication of Turkish literature in foreign languages and introduce the Turkish art and culture to the world. This study focuses on exploring how the Turkish culture has been represented and to what extent the cultural otherness of Sait Faik Abasıyanık's work is preserved in the English translation done by Maureen Freely and Alexander Dawe. Consequently, it aims to reveal whether the English translation of the short stories serves the purpose of the TEDA Project. In order to carry out the analysis of the study, translation strategies put forward by Javier Franco Aixelá (1996) for the translation of culture-specific items will be used as microstrategies; and Lawrence Venuti's (1995) domestication and foreignization concepts will be used as macrostrategies. Following the analysis of the source and target texts, this study reveals that the foreignization approach outweighs the domestication approach; and therefore, the otherness of the Turkish culture has been recreated in the target text. Therefore, the study reveals that the English translation of Sait Faik Abasıyanık's selected short stories serves to a large extent the purpose of the TEDA Program to a great extent.
İşitme engelliler için altyazı çevirisi üzerine betimleyici araştırma
The aim of this thesis is to explore the practice of subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing as an Audiovisual Translation modality and to put forward the subtitling strategies by scrutinizing the studies carried out across the world. In this respect, dark fantasy thriller Byzantium containing interlingual subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing and black comedy Horrible Bosses featuring intralingual subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing will be evaluated; and based on the romantic comedy film 2 Days in Paris available in interlingual subtitling option, the requirements and constraints inherent in subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing, and practicable methods and strategies will be addressed. The subtitler confronts with constraints deriving from heterogenous structure of target group composing of deaf and hard of hearing individuals with residual hearing, therefore distinctions in their needs and expectances, plus from their reading speeds, reading and comprehension skills, the requirement for speaker identification, reflection of multilinguism and description of auditory elements by means of subtitles when dealing with subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing. In this study, the methodological framework has been established on the analysis of case studies on the methods and strategies of subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing. Roman Jakobson in recognition of his "three classifications" on translation types and Katharina Reiss with respect to her "functional approaches" based on text types constitute the theoretical framework; as a practical approach, studies by Josélia Neves and Agnieszka Szarkowska on the subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing as well as strategies devised by Paul J Thibault and Anthony Baldry, and Meir Sternberg have been adopted. This study which has addressed the subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing in a descriptive manner within the scope of audiovisual translation is believed to serve as a model for future studies in Turkey. Key words: subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing, interlingual translation, intralingual translation, audiovisual translation, multilinguism, speaker identification, auditory elements
Mark Twain'in Tom Sawyer'ın Maceraları adlı eserinin Türkçe çevirilerinin çocuk edebiyatı bağlamında karşılaştırmalı ve betimleyici bir incelemesi
The translation of children's literature was relegated to a secondary position and widely ignored by scholars, publishers, and academic institutions for years, however scholarly interest in children's literature has grown rapidly since the 1970s. As a result of this growing interest, scholars have come to appreciate the role of children's literature as a highly influential educational, social and ideological instrument; and the translation of children's literature has evolved into a field of academic research. As children's literature has crossed linguistic and cultural boundaries through translated children's books, the translation of children's literature is a field of great importance. Yet, translating for children can be more challenging than translating for adults as children are often believed to have limited linguistic abilities and life experiences. In this regard, a comparative and descriptive analysis of three different translations of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) is performed within the context of the translation of children's literature. The analysis is conducted within the framework of the target-oriented approach and translation norms suggested by Gideon Toury. In addition, the translation strategies in the translations of the novel are explored in line with the translation strategies proposed by Brett Jocelyn Epstein in her book Translating Expressive Language in Children's Literature: Problems and Solutions (2012). In light of the analysis performed across expressive language and culture-specific items in the novel and its three translations in terms of lexis and semantics, it is observed that the three translators implemented various translation strategies. In this sense, this analysis of the translation strategies provides the opportunity to observe on which point of the continuum of "adequacy" and "acceptability" these translations stand. It is seen that all three translators tended to produce more target-oriented translations in translating expressive language and culture-specific items in the novel. Thus, the translations are mostly closer to acceptability.
Yaşar Yemal'in İnce Memed adlı eserindeki kültüre özgü ögelerin ve deyimlerin incelenmesi
Since the first appearance of humanity, culture has been created and transferred to the next generation and to the other people's cultures through art, speech, writing, music, literature and many other means. The most frequently referred method, for this kind of intercultural transference from culture to culture, is translation. While conducting translation and performing intercultural transfer, interaction of two cultures with different powers and the consequences of this interaction are studied firstly by Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher in 19th century and then in 1990's by Lawrence Venuti in his book Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. In this context, when translating from relatively less powerful cultures to more dominant cultures; destruction or eradication of cultural items of less powerful culture for the sake of dominant culture's reader's admiration make the less powerful culture further powerless and invisible. Venuti calls this kind of translations as "Domestication" and in response to this he states translator should adapt "Foreignization" and make the less powerful culture become visible. In this study, the novel of Ince Memed by Yaşar Kemal in 1955 is tried to be explained in the light of Domestication and Foreignization concepts of Venuti. For the purpose of detecting the tendency in the translation of the novel; translation of Culture Specific Items and Idioms are scrutinized. Within this context, Culture Specific Items are analysed in the light of Javier Franco Aixela's classification of translation methods suggested in his article dated 1996, while Idioms are examined in the light of Mona Baker's categorization of translation methods suggested for translation of idioms in her book titled In Other Words in 1992. As a result of these examinations in Ince Memed's translation by Edouard Roditi, it is determined both whether Turkish culture is preserved or not in the process of translation into Anglo-American culture, and how much of the novel's extent is preserved.